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- Transplanting of vegetables, rice, and bare root plants.

- Intercultivation of vegetable of removal of weeds and unwanted growth.

- Picking of cotton, small fruits, vegetables, berries of all types, harvesting of wheat, rice and other crops.

- They however excel men in all those operations which require squatting to carryout operations near the ground and keep moving simultaneously.

This is because the pelvic bone of females has different angle with thigh bone and it makes women's movements easy in that pasture. This involves moving of grass, Intercultivation of weeds or picking of fruits.

We made a beginning two years ago and the results are astonishing.

INTRODUCTION

The province of Sindh in Pakistan lying between 23^O-40' and 28^O-30'N and 66^O-40' and 71^O-10'E for the year 1994-95, in Sindh the total cropping area was 3.50 million hectares, while the total country area under cropping was 22.14 million hectares. The conventional fruit crops raised in Sindh are mangoes, guava, grapefruit, lemon, lime, sapodilla, cherimoya, coconut, lychee and zizyphus mauritiana.

Sindh region has a subtropical climate. It receives between 100-550 chill units and 3700-4500 heat units. Its climate gives it a great potential for new crops.

CONTROL OF WEEDS

We have used sustainable of agriculture at Panhwar's Fruit Farm, which is located at 25^O-30'N, 68^O-30'E and revives an average 250+50 chill hours.

Presence of weeds in agricultural fields has lead to competition between weeds and the planted corps. In absence of weed control specially in perennial crops, yield in Pakistan are about 1/3rd to 1/4th of those in developed countries. We has used herbicides on our farm some years ago and our conclusion was that they promote hard to kill and perennial weeds by eliminating annual weeds. We therefore concentrated on alternative methods. In our case irrigation water from the river Indus brings new weed seeds every time water is applied. Inter-cultivation manually with hoe cutting 4-5 inches deep, is no solution and at the best it is preparation of good seed bed for new weeds. We finally found a solution that if weeds are allowed to grow between trees rows and are cut down and piled under the trees canopy, weeds do not grow under the pile or mulch.

This method has been practiced in the past 6 years on newly planted fruit trees namely, lychee, longan, Tahhiti-lime, grapes, guava, mango, peach, plum, pear, apple, persimmon, pomegranate, zizyphus jujuba and dates.

Our experience of mulching in above fruit crops showed that the cost of bio-mass application, was extremely low and results were astonishing, but the methods depends on availability of free or very cheap bio-mass nearly and cheap labour. Machines can do the same job by blowing the mowed weeds in the tree rows, but placement of mulch in desired thickness uniformly around the tree is not as satisfactory as manually.

Cheap labour has helped to control weeds to some extent in Sindh, but in the long urn increasing labour costs will raise the question of economy.

MULCHING TO CONTROL WEEDS

Our practice at the farm is as under:

• We mow weeds which grow profusely under high summer temperatures and very mild winter on 25^O-30'N and 68^O-35'E, in the desert area of Sindh (Pakistan). Weeds are cut five times a year and are thrown under trees as mulch. A layer 25 cms thick of this material keeps down weeds, lowers soil temperatures in summer, raises temperatures in winter, retains moisture, is digested by soil fauna within about 2 1/2 months in summer and 4 months in mild winter. Fresh material is added when mulch layer reduces to about 7 cms. It is done year around.
  
  
• Layer of mulch preserves moisture under trees, irrigation frequency is reduced and water is saved.
  
  
• To reduce irrigation water damage to roots, tree replanted on ridges about 2 meters wide and 25 cms high and 2-3 meter wide furrows are retained for flood irrigation.]
  
  
• Water applied in the furrows is quickly absorbed by ridges and balance is evapotranspired by weeds growing in the furrows. About 10% seeps down to leach down salts as water has 350 ppm salts.
  
  
• Irrigation water comes from Indus river canals. River brings different weed seeds from its catchment through out the year. Some 20-30 months each.
  
  
• Weeds are mowed every two months. Their roots decay and make soil porous. Annual weeds have suppressed perennial weeds, which are pulled out rather than mowed.
  
  
• Weeds do emerge under mulch but cutting them down twice a year is enough.
  
  
• Soil under mulch is has became porous due to bio-activity of soil fauna, insects, their predators and soil worms. It has also become rich in nutrients.
  
  
• Mulch material is enough provide NPK Ca, Mg, S and micro nutrient requirement of trees. Tree leaves had shown deficiency of Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo B and Fe. These are applied by foliar sprays. The deficiencies are reducing year after year.
  
  
• Day temperature in summer is lowered in the root zone and increased in wither nights, enduring root growth inspite of the adverse atmospheric temperatures maintenance of pH around 7.0. This is ideal.
  
  
• Mulch improve the earthworm activity, which help in reducing the alkalinity in the soil by producing the humus and hunic acid, and increase the soil porosity. Earthworms destroy about 70% as soil and root nematodes by preying upon them.
  
  
• Organic mulch help in reduction of pathogenic root fungi, nematodes population increased many folds, as well as plant parasites like saprophytes are predators and beneficial mycorrhizal fungi have grate help in fixing the nitrogen to the soil.
  
  
• Mulch is help in soil protozoa, fungi bacteria, nematodes, springtails, small arthropods, enchytracid works, earthworms, and small beetles. This way our soil become highly fertile and having more than 5% organic matter content and more than 5% is the cation exchange capacity, and the availability of the various fertilizer like nitrogen 140 pound per acre, phosphorus available to the plants is 50ppm, while reserve phosphorus is 90ppm and potassium is 200-300ppm, which is an ideal soil for improving the soil ecology, soil structure.
  
  
• Mulching helps in all kind of soil micro-organisms and insect like sprintails, beetles, ants, bees, mites, flatworms, nematodes, slugs, earthworms, crintipendes, millipedes, snails, bacterial, fungi, actonomycetes all are helpful in to the conversion of organic matter in to nutrients and energy, which is releasing the nutrients to the plants, so it optimizes the soil health in an ecologically and economically sound manner, and maintaining the log-term biological and ecological integrity of natural resources.
  
  
• Mulch improves the biological activity and favour the wildlife population, and produce better economic returns to individual and this population, and produce better economic returns to individual and this way is helpful in maintaining the genetic diversity of the agriculture.
  

- Transplanting of vegetables, rice, and bare root plants.

- Intercultivation of vegetable for removal of weed and unwanted growth.

- Picking of cotton, small fruits, vegetables, berries of all types, harvesting of wheat, rice and other crops.

- They however excel men in all those operations which require squatting to carryout operations near the ground and keep moving simultaneously.

This is because the pelvic bone of females has different angle with thigh bone and it makes women's movements easy in that posture. This involves mowing of grass, Intercultivation of weeds or picking of fruits.

We made a beginning two years ago and the results are astonishing.

FUTURE

• Future work should add a resource conservation and environment friendly objective to all ongoing and anticipated agricultural research and development projects.
  
  
• New technologies and approaches are needed for the fragile environment.
  
  
• Research is needed to analyse and guide on the long-term sustainability agro-ecosystem its ecological, economic and social impact on the rural society.
  
  
• New research must be based on all possible informations through soil ecologist, economist, agronomists, extension and guidance about the organic farming and its effect on soil, micro-organism, various diseases and performance on crops, yields and guide the farmers to adjust the copping pattern to the new changing environment.
  
  
• New research and information required to provide assistance to the farmers, so they are able to make decision on alternative management practices, which include the elimination the use of synthetic insecticide, pesticide, and fungicides. The information contains various learning methods of organic farming and its impact on the natural system and possibility of more profits.
  
  
• New research based on constant flow of new information and record of production and draw back.
  
  
• We have to do more research to face a new challenges and create a system, which provide better yield, nutritious and healthy food, without distorting to the natural ecosystem and produce the conversion from conventional to organic farming bring sustainable farming and sustainable development in the country.
  
  
• Research is needed to analyse the organic compounds derived from the decomposition of organic mater.
  
  
• To study the physical environmental variables and its effect on communities and ecosystem.
  
  
• Research is needed to study ecological beneficial procedure, groups, association and their role should be strengthening.
  
  
• To study various biotic and biotic factors influence, disturbing and changing the ecosystem.
  
  
• Research is required to analyse and quantify the complex environmental and economic consequences of the transition from conventional to low input and organic farming systems, and to evaluate the long term environmental and economic viability of such systems.
  
  
• Study the environmental diminution to agricultural development program by enhancing education work.
  
  
• Application of post-harvest fungicide and waxes is becoming less acceptable as handling treatment. The use of hot water and hot air treatment results in to easy control and not effect on the environment.
  
  
• Diversification in to other crops and extension of the harvest season with new cultivators may be beneficial.
  
  
• Research is needed to develop new training material to save the environment and based on new scientific analysis design and approach.
  
  
• New project must study the economic measure, environmental degration and other factors.
  
  
• The future goal of agriculture in the baradest sense has been efficiency in production, more food with less expenses.
  
  
• Promote gender coresponsibility with respt of agricultural production health and environment.
  

• Mulch regulate soil temperature eliminates use of herbicide, reduces cost of intercultiviation, and thereby reduce compaction and root dame caused by tractors and their implements.

Vermicost are also slow release fertilizers. Antibiotic kill pathogens and earthworms kill nematodes. Useful bacteria level increases many time that in non-mulch soil. Soil aeration is improved, infiltration rate increased, water holding capacity of soil increased and finally plant growth rate becomes 3 times and the first fruiting take place in less than 3 years due to improve health of the plant.