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Green-seeds.com:
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HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN TURKEY
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Ayzin KUDEN
1. Introduction
 Horticultural research
in Turkey has begun in 1940's. The institutes and the faculties have performed
good collaborations with the national organizations including international
ones such as DAAD, CIHEAM, INRA, IPGRI, ICARDA, CLIMA, CIP, FAO, UNDP, European
Community, British Council, etc. Mainly TAGEM (General Directory of Agricultural
Research), and TUBITAK (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey),
DPT (State Planning Organisation of Turkish Government) and NPC (National
Productivity Center) and the Research Fund of the Universities are supporting
the projects. The universities also have partnerships with the organisations
and universities of the other countries such as Germany, G.Britain, USA,
France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Chile, Poland, Syria, Hungary,
Sudan, Israel, Romania, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Albania and Pakistan.
Now, we shall perform
the research activities in Turkey, for crops and disciplines
2. FRUITS
2.1. Global Picture
Turkey is one of the
fruit centers of the world. Different geographical regions of the country
let them to grow almost every parts of the country. Many kinds of fruits
can be grown in various regions. North Anatolia, called as Black Sea region
is one of the main genetic origins of several fruits such as apple, pear,
sweet cherry, walnut, hazelnut, chestnut, etc. 2 100 000 tons of cultivated
apples are grown mainly in the middle Anatolia with local and foreign apple
cultivars. Ni?de, Tokat, Amasya, Isparta, Konya, Karaman, and Bursa are
the main apple centers with very suitable climatic conditions. Pear and
quince are the other important pome fruits mostly grown at the Marmara,
and the Middle Anatolia regions.
For the stone fruits
almost all the prunus species are grown in the country. Recently, the most
extending species are sweet cherries and apricots. Wild sweet cherries are
originated in the Black Sea forests and the cultivated sweet cherries are
extended to the north, west and south parts of the country.
Peach is mainly grown
in Marmara region, but also extended to the Aegean and the Mediterranean
regions, especially with low chilling requiring cultivars. Peach exportation
is made from Marmara and the highlands of the Mediterranean regions with
very late peach cultivars ripening in mid October. Low chilling cultivars
are grown in the Mediterranean region, because of the lack of chilling.
Malatya province at
the East Anatolia region is well known with the best quality of dry apricots.
But also Mut area at the Mediterranean region has a great importance with
the earliest and qualified table apricots which gets a very good price,
in the market. European plums are grown in Marmara, North and Middle Anatolia
and the highlands of the country. Japanese plums are grown at the Mediterranean
and Aegean regions.
Turkey is also famous
with the highest juice quality of sour cherries. The best cultivar is named
as the home city, called Kütahya. Ankara and Afyon provinces are also
the main sour cherry producers. Subtropical fruits are grown at the Mediterranean,
Aegean, Black Sea and some microclimates of South East Anatolia regions.
Çukurova is called as citrus area and all the other subtropical fruits
such as fig, pomegranate, olive, carop, persimmon, loquat are grown. Orange
and lemon are the main citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region but mandarin
is more important at the Aegean region.
Turkey is the member
of CLAM, MESFIN, REMUFRUT and MECINET for the subtropical and tropical fruits.
There is also a very close relationship with FAO, IPGRI, CIRAD, INRA, CIHEAM,
DAAD, etc. Tropical fruits such as banana, avocado, litchi are rarely grown
in our country. Tea is specialised to the Black Sea region with the hazelnut
forests. Hazelnut takes the first place among the nuts and followed by walnut,
pistachio nut, chestnut, almond and pecan nut.
2.2. Genetic Resources
Anatolia is one of the
most important center for the germplasm of many fruit species such as apple,
sweet cherry, apricot, sour cherry, plum (P. cerasifera), almond,
pistachio nut, chestnut, walnut, olive, fig, carop, dogwood pomegranate,
etc.
Citrus, fig, pomegranate,
persimmon, loquat, apple, pear, quince, sweet cherry, apricot, peach, walnut,
almond, pistachio nut, pecan nut germplasm are collected at he University
of Çukurova. FAO and IPGRI are supporting to improve fruit genetic
resources, conservations and utilization. Many accessions of apple, pear,
quince, apricot, plum, sweet cherry, citrus, persimmon, fig, pomegranate,
were investigated. Emphasis is given to collection, and preservation however,
characterisation and evaluation are newly studied subjects for fruits, especially
studies on prunus, almonds and figs are hastened.
2.3. Plant Improvement
In the Mediterranean
region a great amount of work has been done on the evaluation of rootstocks
and inter rootstocks, pest and disease resistance and breeding of citrus.
Apple scab, fusarium, and nematode resistance, on apple, pear, loquat, peach,
strawberry, and apricot; fire blight resistance on pear; rootstock and interstock
evaluation on pome and stone fruits are being investigated. Strawberry breeding,
production techniques, training of apple trees are some other research activities.
A special attention is given to peach breeding for low chilling cultivars
suitable to the subtropical conditions and peach breeding to obtain very
late ripening cultivars, for the highlands of the country.
A strong emphasis is
given to the usage of molecular markers for the identification of sweet
cherry cultivars and early identification of peach and almond hybrids. Biotechnological
tools are used including micro propagation of apple rootstocks, strawberries,
protoplasts fusion studies on rootstocks of citrus (somatic hybrids) and
genotype characterisation of citrus and relatives in partnership with INRA-CIRAD.
Also, yield and photosynthesis activity relationship, carbohydrates and
mineral element contents comparing the different soil types in lemon and
orange are under investigation.
Embrio rescue is made
on the hybrids of early peach cultivars. A study is being carried out with
the collaboration of Ege and Çukurova Universities on the resistance
of the hybrids local almond cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae.
2.4. Propagation/Nursery
In vitro propagation
of several fruit crops such as strawberry, banana, peach, fig, citrus, pear,
apple, etc. are successfully performed. Micro grafting of citrus is another
aspect to work on. A big emphasis is given to virus/bacteria free citrus
production. Also, recently plant certification is a major concern for prunus
and citrus.
2.5. Plant Protection
A great attention is
given to the biological control to citrus leaf miner in citrus, and also
to capnodis in Prunus. Integrated pest management is performed on viruses
and decline diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits. Resistance to Mal Secco
in lemon, rootstock resistance to citrus root rot, and survey experiments
on tristeza, exocortis, impietratura, crinkly leaf and alternaria are under
investigation.
2.6. Integrated Production Systems
Studies on the integrated
field are mainly based on;
- the chilling requirements of temperate zone fruits in subtropical
areas, eco physiological studies on deciduous and subtropical fruits,
- cold resistance studies on citrus (in partnership with INRA-CIRAD)
apple, peach, apricot and almond,
- alternate bearing on pistachio nut, apple and olive,
- flower bud formation and fruit set on strawberries,
- fertilization biology studies on several temperate fruits and fig,
- dormancy breaking experiments on peach and apricots
- carbaryl, NAA and ethrel usage for thinning apple and peach,
- paclobutrazole applications for dwarfing peach, apricot and sweet
cherries,
- promalin applications in young sweet cherry trees for lateral branching
and in pistachio nut trees for alternate bearing,
- utilization of dwarf apple rootstocks combined with high density
plantings,
- protected cultivation of peach, strawberry, and grape for earliness,
- sour cherry, peach, apricot, citrus juice production techniques,
dried apple slices, apricot, fig, grape drying techniques, etc.
2.7. Postharvest
Cold storage, controlled
atmosphere and pre-cooling are the main aspects for post harvest research
mainly on citrus and deciduous fruits especially on apples and pears.
A big emphasis is given
to pre-cooling technology in the Southeastern Anatolia region (GAP area)
under very hot climatic conditions. Ripening experiments on banana and pear
are carried out with ethylene releasing agents. Improvement of harvesting
time and handling techniques are performed on apple, mechanical pruning
techniques on citrus, almonds, and sour cherries are experimented.
2.8. Economics/Marketing
Especially crop management and marketing of citrus are being worked on.
incorporation with CLAM and of deciduous fruits. Irrigation and fertilization
experiments are carried out on citrus. Olive, apple, peach fertilization,
quince/pear, citrus and prunus compatibility experiments are being worked
out. Quince rootstock selection studies for drought resistance and quince
compatibility with pear cultivars are also being carried out.
3. VEGETABLES
3.1. Global Picture
Turkey takes the fourth
place after China, India, and U.S.A in world vegetable production with 4
% (19 million tons). Vegetable production includes 21 % of total plant production
and 62 % of horticultural production of Turkey. Approximately 800 000 hectares
area in the country are used for vegetable production. The geographical
conditions of Turkey let almost all kinds of vegetables to be grown in the
country.
Winter vegetables can
be grown in open field in winter in the mild climates such as Mediterranean,
Aegean and Southeastern Anatolia regions. They can be grown only in summer
months at the higher elevations such as highlands of the Mediterranean,
Middle Anatolia, Marmara and East Anatolia regions.
Protected cultivation
is extended to the coastal lines of Mediterranean (Antalya, Içel,
and Adana) and Aegean (Mu?la, Izmir and Ayd?n) regions.
Total greenhouse potential
of Turkey is in the fourth place in the world after Japan, Italy, and Spain
with 12 000 hectares. The cover material is used as 76 % of plastic and
24 % of glass.
3.2. Genetic Resources
Turkey is the genetic
origin of some vegetables such as lettuce, carrot, melon and radish. Among
the total vegetable production, 45 % of them are Solanacea species (tomato,
pepper, eggplant), and 38 % of them are Cucurbitaceae species (watermelon,
melon, cucumber, squash, and pumpkin). The rest (17%) are the other species.
A great emphasis is given to the germplasm collection, evaluation and characterization
of several vegetables. Mainly, radish, naked pumpkin, squash and leek have
a priority among these cultivar selections.
3.3. Plant Improvement
- Selection studies of radish, naked pumpkin, squash and leek.
- F1 hybrid cultivar breeding on tomato, melon, pepper and
squash, several F1 hybrids
- Cultivar breeding in melon, resistance for Fusariumoxyporum fs.p.
melonis.
- Cultivar breeding in pepper, resistance for Pthopthoracapsici and
potato Y virus and PVY.
- Biotechnological methods to reduce breeding duration in melon by
irradiated pollen and dihaploidization technique in cooperation with
INRA in France.
- Cultivar and genome analysis are being performed in breeding with
DNA finger printing method.
- Somatic embriogenesis and artificial seed techniques are used in
garlic.
- Salt tolerance in melon and pepper is also under investigation.
- Seed propagation is performed at the Seed Production Station in Bal?kesir
and in the Southeastern Anatolia region on tomato, pepper, melon, watermelon,
carot, onion, lettuce and spinach under drip irrigation conditions.
- Substrate culture and nft (nutrient film technique) are being worked
in Aegean region. Organic farming on cucumber, lettuce and tomato.
- Irrigation, fertilization and pruning experiments on eggplant, melon
and tomato.
- Herbicide resistance studies in melon with gene transformation method.
- Determination of Fusarium oxyporum fs.p. niveum races in watermelon
3.4. Propagation/Nursery
The seed production
is performed at the "Seed Production Station" in Bal?kesir by the government
but also imported from the international market by the private sector. A
big emphasis is given to the seed production and the quality enhancement
experiments in the Southeastern Anatolia region by the University of Çukurova..
3.5. Plant Protection
Basic studies on plant
protection on vegetables in Turkey are as follows;
- resistance for PVY in pepper oxysporium fs.p. melonis
- resistance for fusarium in melon and watermelon
- resistance for TYLCV in tomato
- resistance for potato Y virus and PVY.
3.6. Integrated Production Systems
- Flower/fruit set
- Biochemical and molecular characteristics
- Protected cultivation
- Soilless production and hydroponic crops
- Organic agriculture
- Fertilization biology studies on asparagus or sex modification
- Ecophysiological studies for the timing of lettuce and broccoli is
being worked.
- The usage of Bombus terestris as a pollinizer in tomato, pepper and
eggplant.
- Protected cultivation of tomato, pepper, eggplant, cucumber and squash,
at the coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Aegean regions for earliness
and year-round and of-season production.
- Soilless production system is used on cucumber, lettuce and tomato
as substract culture or nft (nutrient film technique).
- Organic farming using bio-organic fertilizers and by biological control
3.7. Post Harvest
Controlled atmosphere storage of melon and mushroom and cold storage of
all other vegetables are under investigation, for quality and food safety.
3.8. Economics And Marketing
The economical analysis of soilless culture is performed in Turkey.
4. ORNAMENTAL
4.1. Global Picture
Turkey is the genetic
origin of many ornamental plants. Most of the ornamental plant production
in Turkey is distributed to the coastal areas of Mediterranean, Aegean and
Marmara regions in which Antalya, Adana, Içel, Izmir and Yalova are
the main centers of the production. Rose, spray carnation, chrysanthemum,
gypsophyla, gladiolus etc. are grown in the valleys, coastal line and the
highlands of the country. The production is mainly in the hands of private
sector. This sector initiated at the Marmara region for the exportations
of cut flowers. Today good quality of cut flowers and ornamental plants
are exported from Antalya (west part of Mediterranean region). This competitive
sector is developing day by day.
4.2. Genetic Resources
Anatolia is also an
origin of many ornamental plants.
Germplasm collection
and conservation has been performed in national parks.
4.3. Plant Improvement
There is not much work on the selection of the ornamental plants. These
studies are newly beginning. Frittillaria imperialis selection studies are
being carried out in the Southeastern Anatolia region. Also, some selection
studies are performed on the forest trees. Breeding is newly beginning.
4.4. Propagation/Nursery
Ornamental plants are propagated by tissue culture as well. Micro propagation
is used in fern, and Saint paulia production. Landscape plants are usually
propagated under in vivo conditions. There is a good production of glayol,
and Lilium candidum.
4.5. Plant Protection
There is a survey on gerbera, for the red mites, fungal diseases, Phtopthora,
nematodes, etc.
4.6. Integrated Production Systems
The following studies are mainly carried out in different institutes;
- protected cultivation of ornamental plants,
- effects of fertilizers, irrigation and climatic factors,
- light and day length effect on the yield, quality, and earliness,
- effect of supplementary irradiation.
4.7. Postharvest
Storage of cut flowers, effects of fertilizers, foliar sprays, irrigation
and growth regulators on the storage of cut flowers, vase-life are the main
subjects to be worked on. Limited studies are carried out on the drying
techniques of flowers, flower extracts for perfume, etc.
4.8. Economics and Marketing
An emphasis is given to the economics of cut flowers, exportation and marketing
of them. Economical analysis of the companies are performed.
5. VITICULTURE
5.1. Global Picture
Major grape potential
of the country is fresh fruits and raisins. Grapes are grown for wine and
juice, processing but less than the others. Grapes are grown almost every
parts of the country on the 560 000 hectares of the area. Turkey's production
is more than 3,5 million tons every year and this important crop has several
institutes dealing with only grapes. Tekirda? Viticulture Institute is one
of them and collection and conservation studies are performed there. The
ampelographical studies of more than 1000 cultivars were made among 1200
grape cultivars.
In the Mediterranean
region the earliest table grapes are grown. In Aegean region, they are mostly
grown for drying. More than 80 % of the grapes are Round seedless and the
others are Thomson seedless.
5.2. Genetic Resources
Since Anatolia is one
of the main origins of grapes, germplasm collection is performed and they
are collected at the Tekirda? Viticulture Institute. An ampelographic study
has been carried out since 1959. Resistance to Powdery mildew, Downy mildew,
Dead arm are being studied.
5.3. Plant Improvement
Breeding techniques
are used especially at Atatürk Research Station and some seedless and
very good quality cultivars have been released since 1990. Selection studies
are performed as clonal selection of good cultivars. Embryo rescue is studied
in intra/interspesific hybridization studies. Also, somaclonal variation
is being worked for resistance to oidium.
5.4. Propagation/Nursery
Tissue culture is used
for clean material propagation. Also, rootstocks are propagated by cuttings
in vivo Conditions.
5.5. Plant Protection
Resistance to disease
and pests has been not worked on yet, but survey studies are performed on
mildew, Botrytis etc.
5.6. Integrated Production Systems
- planting vineyard systems on sloped terrains,
- quality and environmental studies,
- effects of climatic conditions(cold resistance) on yield and quality
- chilling requirements of grapevines, dormancy breaking experiments
- protected cultivation,
- regulation of production season (two crops a year),
- training, pruning systems, thinning, pinching, growth regulators,
- stock/scion relationship,
- nutritional studies.
5.7. Postharvest
It is an important issue
for table grapes and wine in our country. Orange wine is produced at the
University of Çukurova. Oenology is being studied. Also, natural
products and aromas, fermentation, biochemical aspects of fruit quality
are being investigated.
5.8. Economics and Marketing
The economical analysis
of grapes under protected cultivation has been performed. Turkey take the
first place for dry grapes, the second for table grapes, the fifth for the
vineyards, and the sixth for the production in the world. So, a big emphasis
is given to the economical analysis of grape production and exportation.
6. AROMATIC/MEDICINAL PLANTS
6.1. Global Picture
In Turkey aromatic and
medicinal plants are grown almost every part of the country in a big scale.
It has a great importance and cultural value. They play an important role
in traditional herbal medicines and the production of spices and essential
oils for food industry. The quality of the products is high, and demand
is increasing. Private sector is getting more effective in this sector (perfume
or pharmaceutical sector). Aromatic and oil products are used mainly as
flavorings and as fragnance.
Most of the products
of the aromatic and medicinal plants are being exported.
6.2. Genetic Resources
Since the Anatolia is
the origin of many aromatic and medicinal plants, a big emphasis is given
to the collection of these plant materials. Mint, origanum, melissa, and
alkaloid plants are being collected for the conservation. But the collection
and conservation of these plants are very new.
6.3. Plant Improvement
Most of the works have
been carried out for improving of the yield and quality. Studies are performed
on the chemical composition, essential oil content and the components of
them. A selection work was performed on Thymus origanum. There is
no research on the resistance to pest and disease.
6.4. Propagation/Nursery
Propagation of aromatic
and medicinal plants by seeds or vegetative organs are being studied. Tissue
culture is performed very little.
6.5. Plant Protection
There is only two new
studies on the pest damage of medicinal plants.
6.6. Integrated Production Systems
Several experiments
are carried out on irrigation, fertilization, planting distance, timing,
etc.
The effects of planting
time on the effective essential oil content are studied.
Drying of the plants
are being worked on. Aromatic plant + cotton planting on the pest population
experiment has been carried out.
6.7. Postharvest
Most importance is given
to postharvest and processing aspects. Extraction, identification, isolation
of chemicals from selected essential oil crops are also being worked on.
6.8. Economics/Marketing
There is not much work on this aspect.
Table 1. Evaluation of the Institutes of the Ministry of Agriculture
considering the experimental topics
|
Ministry of Agriculture
|
Genetic Resources
|
Breeding
|
Biotechnology
|
Propagation
|
Integrated
Produc.System
|
Post-harvest and Process.
|
Marketing and Econ.
|
Pest and Disease
|
Total
|
Alata Hort. Crops
Res. Institute 3
|
Fruit: 3
|
Fruit: 4
Vegetable: 12
|
-
|
Fruit: 7
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: 40
Vegetable : 18
Viticulture : 1
Ornamental: 1
|
Fruit: 3
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 59
Veg.: 31
Vitic.: 2
Orn.: 1
|
Antalya Citrus, Greenhouse Res. Institute 5
|
-
|
Fruit: 6
Vegetable : 11
|
-
|
Fruit: 11
Ornamental.: 1
|
Fruit: 29
Vegetable: 86
Ornamental: 5
|
Fruit: 13
|
Fruit: 5
Vegetable: 4
|
Fruit: 37
Vegetable: 6
|
Fruit: 101
Veg.: 107
Orn.: 6
|
Atatürk Hort.
Res. Institute
|
Fruit:6
Vegetable: 14
|
Fruit: 2
Viticulture:13
|
-
|
Fruit: 24
Vegetable: 6
Viticulture: 3
Ornamental: 6
|
Fruit: 52
Vegetable: 40
Viticulture: 16
Ornamental: 20
|
Fruit: 18
Vegetable: 21
Viticulture: 3
Ornamental: 2
|
Fruit: 10
Vegetable: 21
Viticulture: 3
Ornamental: 3
Medicinal: 1
|
Fruit: 12
Vegetable: 11
|
Fruit: 124
Veg.: 119
Vitic.: 39
Orn.: 29
Med.:1
|
Ege Agric. Res. Institute 14
|
Fruit: 21
Vegetable : 5
Ornamental: 4
Medicinal : 2
|
Fruit: 1
Vegetable : 10
Ornamental: 1
|
Fruit: 5
Vegetable : 1
Medicinal : 1
|
Vegetable : 3
Ornamental: 4
|
Fruit: 15
Vegetable: 22
Viticulture: 1
Ornamental: 8
Medicinal: 4
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
Vegetable: 1
Viticulture : 1
Medicinal: 1
|
Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 5
Ornamental: 2
|
Fruit: 45
Veg.: 44
Vitic.: 2
Orn.: 19
Med.: 8
|
Erbeyli Fig
Res. Institute 7
|
Fruit: 2
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 5
|
Fruit: 5
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 16
|
Erzincan Hort.
Res. Institute 8
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 4
Vegetable : 7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 6
Veg.: 7
|
Hazelnut
Res. Institute 10
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 22
|
|
Fruit: 4
|
|
Fruit: 31
|
Karadeniz Agr. Res. Inst.
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 4
Vegetable : 11
Viticulture : 1
|
Vegetable: 1
|
-
|
Vegetable : 6
|
Fruit: 4
Veg.: 18
Vitic.: 1
|
Malatya Fruit Crops Res. Inst.
|
Fruit: 3
|
Fruit: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 10
Viticulture: 2
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 19
Vit.: 2
|
Manisa Viticul. Res. Institute 13
|
Viticulture : 1
|
|
Viticulture: 1
|
Viticulture: 29
|
Viticulture: 32
|
Viticulture : 13
|
|
Viticulture: 6
|
Vitic.: 82
|
Olive Research Institute 16
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 14
|
Fruit: 40
|
Fruit: 27
|
Fruit: 4
|
Fruit: 6
|
Fruit: 93
|
Pistachio Nut
Res. Institute 9
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
Viticulture : 2
|
Fruit: 27
Viticulture : 3
|
Fruit: 3
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 35
Vitic.: 5
|
Tekirdag Vitic. Res. Institute 17
|
-
|
Viticul.ture: 2
|
-
|
Viticulture: 10
|
Viticulture : 24
|
Viticulture: 2
|
Viticulture: 1
|
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: 40
|
Table 2. Evaluation of the Departments of Horticulture
of the Universities considering the experimental topics
Departments of Horticulture
|
Genetic Resources
|
Breeding
|
Biotechnology
|
Propagation
|
Integrated
Produc.System
|
Post-harvest and Process.
|
Marketing and Econ.
|
Pest and Disease
|
Total
|
Univ. of
Akdeniz
|
-
|
Vegetable: 1
|
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: 3
Vegetable: 2
Ornamental: 6
|
Fruit: 14
Vegetable: 21
Viticulture: 5
Ornamental: 7
|
Fruit: 12
|
Fruit: 5
Ornamental: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 34
Veg.: 24
Vitic.: 6
Orn.: 14
|
Univ. of
Ankara
|
Viticulture: 1
|
Vegetable: 7
|
Fruit: 1
Viticulture: 2
|
Fruit: 28
Vegetable: 29
Viticulture: 6
|
Fruit: 26
Vegetable: 44
Viticulture: 10
|
Fruit: 6
Vegetable: 21
Viticulture: 3
|
Fruit: 1
Vegetable: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 62
Veg.: 102
Vitic.: 22
|
Univ. of
Atatürk
|
Fruit: 7
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 1
Vegetable: 1
|
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 18
Vegetable: 2
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: 48
Vegetable: 13
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: : 1
Viticulture: 1
|
Vegetable: 1
|
|
Fruit: 75
Veg.: 19
Vitic.: 3
|
Univ. of
Çukurova
|
Fruit: 11
Vegetable: 1
Ornamental:1 Medicinal.: 3
|
Fruit: 6
Vegetable: 22
Ornamental: 1
|
Fruit: 16
Vegetable: 7
|
Fruit: 68
Vegetable: 23
Viticulture: 26
Medicinal: 2
Ornamental: 19
|
Fruit: 289
Vegetable: 75
Viticulture: 33
Ornamental:29 Medicinal : 44
|
Fruit: 79
Vegetable : 9
Viticulture: 7
|
Fruit: 23
Vegetable: 6
Viticulture: 2
Medicinal.: 1
Ornamental: 3
|
Fruit: 68
Vegetable: 23
|
Fruit: 560
Veg.: 166
Vitic.: 68
Orn.: 53
Med.: 50
|
Univ. of
Süleyman Demirel
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Viticulture: 2
Ornamental: 1
|
Fruit: 1
Vegetable: 5
Viticulture: 4
Ornamental: 1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
Veg.: 5
Vitic.: 6
Orn.: 2
|
Univ. of
Sütçü Imam
|
Vegetable: 2
|
Vegetable: 5
|
-
|
Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 7
Vegetable: 17
Viticulture: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 10
Veg.: 25
Vitic.: 2
|
Univ. of
Trakya
|
Vegetable: 2
|
-
|
-
|
Vegetable: 8
|
Vegetable: 68
|
Vegetable: 2
|
-
|
-
|
Veg.: 80
|
Univ. of
Uludag
|
Fruit: 5
Viticulture: 2
|
Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 3
|
-
|
Fruit: 12
Vegetable: 15
Viticulture: 8
Ornamental: 6
|
Fruit: 27
Vegetable: 17
Viticulture: 8
Ornamental: 7
|
Fruit: 17
Vegetable: 11
Viticulture: 7
Ornamental: 13
|
Vegetable: 1
|
-
|
Fruit: 62
Veg.: 47
Vitic.: 25
Orn.: 26
|
Univ. of
Yüzüncü Y?l
|
Fruit: 12
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 1
|
|
Fruit: 18
Vegetable: 1
Viticulture: 4
|
Fruit: 20
Vegetable: 15
|
Fruit: 2
|
|
|
Fruit: 53
Veg.: 17
Vitic.: 4
|
Univ. of
Çukurova, Pozant?
Agr. Res. Centre
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 6
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 16
Vegetable: 2
Viticulture: 1
Medicinal: 2
|
Fruit: 6
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 33
Veg.: 3
Vitic.: 1
Orn.: 2
Med.:2
|
Univ. of Ege
|
Fruit: 3
|
Vegetable: 3
|
Fruit: 2
|
Fruit: 40
Vegetable: 21
Viticulture: 12
|
Fruit: 93
Vegetable: 97
Viticulture: 26
|
Fruit: 12
Vegetable: 1
Viticulture: 1
|
Fruit: 4
Vegetable: 3
|
Fruit: 5
Vegetable: 5
|
Fruit: 159
Veg.: 130
Vitic.: 39
|
Univ. of Harran
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 4
|
Fruit: 21
Vegetable: 11
Viticulture : 1
|
Fruit: 1
|
Fruit: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 28
Veg.: 11
Vitic.: 1
|
Univ. of Mustafa
Kemal
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 10
Viticulture : 1
|
Fruit: 16
Vegetable: 3
|
|
Fruit: 4
|
-
|
Fruit: 30
Veg.: 3
Vitic.: 1
|
Univ. of Ondokuz May?s
|
Fruit: 3
|
-
|
-
|
Fruit: 14
Vegetable: 5
Viticulture: 13
|
Fruit: 37
Vegetable: 12
Viticulture: 14
|
Fruit: 7
Vegetable: 1
|
Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 5
|
-
|
Fruit: 63
Veg.: 23
Vitic.: 27
|
Univ. of Selçuk
|
Fruit: 3
Viticulture : 1
|
Vegetable: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 4
Vegetable: 1
Viticulture : 2
|
Fruit: 11
Vegetable: 13
Viticulture: 6
|
Fruit: 1
|
Viticulture: 2
|
-
|
Fruit: 19
Veg.: 16
Vitic.: 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Green - Seeds Co., Ltd.
81/10B Ho Van Hue Street, Phu Nhuan District, Ward 9, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: +84 (8) 847 6901 - Fax: +84 (8) 844 1392 - Email: info@green-seeds.com
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