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vegetables & herbs

Mustard Greens and Condiment Mustard

Mache or Corn Salad (smooth-leaf types Valerianella locusta; hairy-leaf types Valerianella erocarpa): Blonde Shell-Leaved, Corn Salad, Large Dutch (all smooth-leaf types).

Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), a close relative to rhubarb, also called dock, sour dock, sour grass: Garden Sorrel.

Cress, several species: Curly-cress and Peppergrass (also known as garden cress or land cress) (Lepidium sativum); Watercress (Nasturtium officinale); Upland Cress (also known as creasy salad or creasy greens) (Barbarea verna). For more information, see Upland Cress from North Carolina State University.

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra), is less common. It may be used for greens or its seed is used for flavoring pickles or salads.

Mesclun (mescalun, mescaline, mesculine) mix greens: An increasingly popular mix of greens includes lettuces

such as: Batavian, butterhead, looseleaf, romaine, and miners lettuce mixed with other greens

such as arugula, chicory, corn salad, dandelion, mache, travissio, kale, tat-soi, chard, endive, escarole, mizuna, mustard tips, radicchio, sorrel, spinach, edible chrysanthemum, nasturtium leaves, orach, parsley, watercress, plantain, and purslane, along with herbs

such as basils, borage, chervil, chives, fennel, and salad burnet; and blossoms

of borage, calendula, nasturtium, violas, and violets.

Mechanical harvesters for mixed plantings of salad greens are now available. See Harvesting and Handling section, below.

VARIETIES FOR CONDIMENT MUSTARD

Three types of condiment mustard, yellow (known in Europe as white), brown and Oriental are grown in the U.S.A. The most common, about 90% of the crop, is yellow (Brassica hirta). A number of varieties and proprietary selections exist.

Tilney is used to make the standard yellow mustards to flavor American hot dogs. Other varieties such as Trico, White Mustard, Yellow/White Mustard, Ochre Kirby and Gisilba are also widely used to make yellow or white mustards with varying degrees of pungency and color.

Brown and Oriental mustards are Brassica juncea. Varieties of brown mustard such as Common Brown, Blaze, and Forge, are brown mustards whose seed is used in hot, stone-ground and "French"-style mustard. Oriental mustard varieties are Lethbridge 22-A and Domo. Seed coat color of these varieties differ. Common Brown has a distinctive brown seed coat while Forge, and Lethbridge 22-A have tan seedcoats or mixtures of tan and brown. Other varieties reported are Cutlass, French Brown and Burgogne.

Much of the condiment mustard seed used in the U.S. is imported from the prairie provinces of Canada. U.S. production is mainly in North Dakota. Mustards are considered an excellent rotation for wheat. Other production guidelines are outlined in the various sections below.

For more information on condiment mustards see: The Mustard Book by Jan Roberts-Dominguez. Macmillan Publishing Co. 1993.

SOIL

Important

Before planting Crucifer crops, consider the following important factors:

1. No crucifer crop, or related weed has been present in the field for at least 3 years, 4 years preferable. Crucifer crops include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, all mustards, turnips, rutabagas, radishes etc. Cruciferous weeds include wild radish, wild mustards etc. Also, crucifer plant waste should not have been dumped on these fields. This is no minimize problems from diseases such as Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rots and Sclerotinia stem rot and white mold.

2. Soil pH should be 6.5 or higher. Soil pH over 6.8 is necessary to manage club root. The application of 1500 lb/acre of hydrated lime, 6 weeks prior to planting is recommended for soils with pH less than 7.5 for club root control.

3. Arrange to keep transplanted and direct-seeded fields separate to minimize spread of certain diseases that are more prevalent in transplanted fields.

Mustard greens may be grown on a variety of soils but it does best on a well-drained, loam soil well supplied with organic matter. Sandy loams are preferred for early crops. Adjust soil pH to 6.0 - 6.8 for maximum yields.

Condiment mustards, which are generally not irrigated, should be planted on soils with good water-holding capacity without being water-logged, and at locations which have a high probability of spring rains to avoid risk of moisture stress.

Mustards germinate quickly when soils reach 45 F or warmer.


SEEDING

Use certified, or hot-water treated seed and fungicide treat seed to protect against several serious seed-borne diseases. Hot water seed treatments are very specific (122 F exactly, for 25 to 30 minutes; the wet seed then quickly cooled and dried). The seed treatments are best done by the seed company, and can usually be provided upon request.

Mustards seeds of the species B. juncea (brown mustard) number approximately 250,000 per pound, while those of B. rapa perviridis (spinach mustard) number about 240,000 per pound. Use only fungicide and hot water treated seed to insure good stands and to minimize certain seed-borne diseases.

Mustard greens: Approximately 3 to 4 lb of seed per acre are used, depending on variety and use. A common problem is planting too thick a stand. Spacing may be 4-6 inches in the row and 1 to 2 feet between rows.

If seeding for spring crop, seed as early as possible for the variety being used. For a fall crop, seed from early July through August. Plantings should be made at 1 to 3 week intervals depending on variety and use. Harvest date is approximately 50 days from seeding.

Mustard and turnip greens will maintain good quality for about 3 weeks. Collard greens can be harvested repeatedly for two to three months

Condiment mustard is usually spring planted as early as possible for the variety being used (generally March or April). Five to 7 pounds of seed are generally used per acre when planting with grain drills. Plant 1/2 to 1 inch deep for rapid emergence.

Large seed, an important quality factor in brown mustard, is influenced by growing conditions and plant populations. Choose the lowest plant populations commensurate with suitable yields, and moisture conditions should not be limiting for best seed quality.

SPACINGS

Greens may be planted in beds 70 to 80 inches wide accomodating 4 to 6 multiple rows per bed, or in single or double rows (double rows spaced 10 to 20 inches apart).

Condiment mustard is planted at spacings of 6-8 inches between rows. This spacing allows for early row closure which minimizes weed problems and allows for high seed yields.

FERTILIZER

The following are general recommendations only. It is advisable to use a soil test for each field that is to be planted.

Nitrogen: 100-120 (N) lb/acre. Sidedress one half the N at planting, and one half at 25 days.

With condiment mustard produced in eastern Oregon, and based on information from Idaho, use 50-75 lb N/acre following green manure; OR 75-95 lb/acre on fallow ground; OR 100-135 lb/acre following wheat if the residue was removed; OR 140-150 lb/acre following grain where residue was plowed down.

Apply all P and K at planting:

Phosphorus: 80-120 (P2O5) lb/acre
Potassium: 60-120 (K2O) lb/acre
Sulfur: 20-25 lb S/acre. Sulfur influences pungency of condiment mustard seed.
Boron: 1-2 lb B/acre, broadcast only. Do not band boron.

IRRIGATION

Maintain uniform soil moisture for tender growth and optimum nutrient availability. Soil type does not affect the amount of total water needed, but does dictate frequency of water application. Lighter soils need more frequent water applications, but less water applied per application.


HARVESTING, HANDLING, AND STORAGE

The University of California-Davis has a file on Minimal Processing of Fresh Vegetables that discusses film wrapping and other topics.

Yields of mustard greens for fresh market are approximately 150 cwt/acre.

Mustard greens are usually harvested by machine for processing and hand harvested for fresh market. If mustard greens are harvested for fresh market, it is necessary to remove any diseased or badly damaged leaves, and wash and cool the product as soon after harvest as possible.

Specialty leaf lettuces, spinach, and mustards for bag mixes have usually been harvested by hand, but harvesters for this use are now available. Three are:

• Green Crop Harvester, made in England. Sole US distributors are C. and K. Anderson, Fresh Herb Co., 4114 Oxford Rd., Longmont, CO. The cost is $20,000 (1998 prices) for a 4-foot wide model which hold the greens upright by chain-driven sweeps and cuts the greens with a reciprocating knife (like a hedge trimmer). A picture of the machine can be seen in Johnny's Select Seeds 1998 catalogue, page 87.
  
  
• Quick Cut harvester, an Italian, battery-powered, walk-behind machine with a 39", 48" or 54"-wide head and a band-saw cutter. Cost is $11,000. Sold by Ferrari Tractor CIE, PO Box 1045, Gridley, CA 95948; and by David Washburn and Meg Anderson of Red Cardinal Farm, 9694 75th St. North, Stillwater, MN 55082.
  
  
• Enha Pro, a human-powered machine designed by Norbert Hufnagl, Field of Dreams, 117 Fredon Springdale Rd., Newton, NJ 07860. Cost is $2,429 for a two-head unit and $2,966 for a three-head unit.
  

Insect and Description               Control, Active Ingredient/Acre 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Aphids, including                     malathion - 1.25 lb 
Cabbage aphid                                                          
 Brevicoryne brassicae                dimethoate - 0.25 lb
Turnip aphid                                                           
 Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae            endosulfan - 0.75 lb         
                                                                      
Both species closely resemble         Pyrellin - 1 to 2 pt       
each other. Gray, mealy plant                                          
lice that form colonies on foliage.   diatect - 1 to 3 lb formulation
                                      
                                      diazinon - 0.5 lb

                                      Provado 1.6 F - 0.047 lb

                                      Admire 2F - see label

                                      M-Pede, 1-2% solution, see label
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Cabbage maggot                        Diazinon and other materials 
 Delia brassicae                       are available, consult labels 
                                       for rates and proper use.
White, legless maggots that feed
on roots, causing flagging and death.
Adult is a small, gray fly that lays 
white, oblong eggs at bases of plants.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Diamondback moth                      malathion - 1.25 lb     
 Plutella xylostella                                                   
                                      Bacillus thuringiensis          
Gray or brown moths that have          1 to 2 qt. Use a spreader-    
white margins on forewings.            sticker to enhance control.
When folded, the markings form                   
a white diamond. Worms are pale,      Lannate - 0.45 to 0.9 lb
yellowish-green with finely 
scattered, erect black hairs.         diatect - 1 to 3 lb formulation 

                                      Mattch - 1 to 3 lb formulation

                                      MVP - 2 to 4 qt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Flea beetles, including               carbaryl - 1 lb           
Cabbage flea beetle                                                   
 Phyllotreta cruciferae               malathion - 1.25 lb
                                                                      
Small, shiny, steel-blue jump-        endosulfan - 0.75 lb      
ing beetle. Frequently attacks
young plants and requires            
control measures.
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Imported cabbage worm                 malathion - 1.25 lb 
 Pieris rapae                                                        
                                      Bacillus thuringiensis     
Adult is white butterfly with          1 to 2 qt.  Use a        
black spots. Caterpillar is soft,      spreader-sticker to     
velvety green with a faint yellow      enhance control.
stripe on middle of back and a row         
of yellow stripes on each side.       endosulfan - 0.75 lb

                                      carbaryl - 2 lb                  
                                      
                                      Lannate - 0.45 to 0.9 lb        

                                      diatect - 1 to 3 lb formulation  

                                      Pyrellin - 1 to 2 pt

                                      diazinon - 0.5 lb

                                      Mattch - see label

                                      MVP - 2 to 4 qt
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Wireworms                             Telone II - preplant
 Limonius spp.
                                      Telone C-l7 - preplant
Brown, jointed larvae of
click beetles.
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