ABSTRACT
 Our country has achieved
self sufficiency and a good degree of stability of food production. This
created an urgent need for providing health security to our population by
supplying nutrition through balanced diet. Vegetables form the most important
component of a balanced diet. We can grow variety of vegetables all the
year round. The country is the world's second largest producer of vegetables
next only to China. However our per capita consumption is quite low.
In the post partition
period a good infrastructure for vegetable research has been created. At
present vegetable research is being carried out at four central institutes,
one National Research Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The
All India Coordinated Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of
Vegetable Research provides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific
research on 23 vegetable crops and provides a national grid for multilocation
testing of technologies developed by various institrutions. As a result
research on various aspects of major vegetable crops is being undertaken
in order to improve existing varieties and standardise production techniques.
The investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals
so is the manpower deployment.
Through intensive research
efforts 119 improved varieties in 16 vegetable crops have been released.
Of these, nine are F1 hybrids, two are synthetic cauliflower varieties and
24 varieties are resistant to different diseases and insect pests. Some
of these varieties have already made significant impact/contribution in
revolutionising the production of vegetables in the country. Besides developing
new varieties several agro-techniques and plant protection measures against
diseases and insect pests have been standardised and recommended. Systematic
efforts are also on to achieve self sufficienty in seed production, though
the goal is quite far. Several biotic constraints pertaining to non availability
and erosion of germplasm and its evaluation, diseases and insect pests,
manpower, abiotic factors such as limited availability of funds, physical
environmental and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economic factors
and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research in India.
The priorities of research in years to come have been identified as breeding
for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, heterosis breeding,breeding
for improvement of nutritional quality and procesing, seed technology research,
development of technology for growing vegetables in protected environment,
use of biotechnology, insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production
etc.
1. Introduction
India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food. However, self
sufficiency in the true sense can be achieved only when each individual
in the country is assured of balanced diet. Varied agro-climatic conditions
in India make it possible to grow a wide variety of vegetable crops all
the year round in one part of the country or another. India can claim to
grow the largest number of vegetable crops compared to any other country
of the world and as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetable crops are
commercially cultivated. Some of the important vegetable crops grown are:
|
Solanaceous crops
|
Brinjal, tomato, chillies, sweet pepper
(Capsicum). |
|
Cole Crops
|
Cabbage, cauliflower, knol khol. |
|
Bulbous vegetable
|
Onion, garlic |
|
Okra
|
Okra |
|
Cucurbits
|
Longmelon, muskmelon, snapmelon, watermelon,
cucumber, pumpkin, summer squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, pointed
gourd (parwal), ridge gourd, round gourd, snake grourd, sponge gourd,
wax gourd (ash gourd) |
|
Root vegetables
|
Carrot, radish, turnip |
|
Leguminous vegetables
|
Broad bean, cluster bean, cowpea, dolichos
bean, French bean, peas |
|
Leafy vegetables
|
Amaranthus, beet leaf, fenugreek, spinach |
|
Salad vegetables
|
Lettuce |
|
Perennial vegetables
|
Drumstick, curry leaf, agathi, paii |
India is the second
largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China with an estimated
production of about 50.09 million tonnes from an area of 4.5 million hectares
at an average yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 12% of
the world output of vegetables from about 2.0% of croppped area in the country.
Statewise area and production of vegetable crops and area and production
of different vegetable crops in india is given in Table 1
& 2 respectively. The per capita consumption in
India is only about 140 gm which is far below the minimum dietry requirement
of 280 g/day/person. In the independent India, systematic efforts have been
made to upgrade vegetable production technology. However, such efforts were
quite inadequate due to priority given to food grain production programmes
so far. Inspite of this vegetable production In India has steadily increased
from about 28 m.tonnes during 1969-71 to its present level. The demand of
vegetables has been increasing fast in the urban areas with an gradual rise
in standard of living coupled with development of communication and transport
facilities. It therefore calls fo a major research and development effort
to achieve our target (83 million tonnes) for the supply of 200 gms of vegetables
per capita per day to an estimated population of 1 billion by 2000 A.D.
through suitable reserch programmes.
2. Research Infrastructure
2.1 Institutions/Programmes:
Research on vegetable
crops in India, was initiated by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) during 1947-48 soon after independence with the sanctioning of a
nucleus Plant Introduction Scheme at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI), New Delhi. Simultaneously, the ICAR starrted ad-hoc schemes in different
states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Govt. of India also established
a Vegetable Breeding Station at Katrain in Kulu Valley, Himachal Pradesh,
during 1949. This station which was subsequently transferred to the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute during 1955, has been primarily carrying
out intensive research on temperate vegetables and their seed production.
Systematic research
on vegetables was organised with the creation of Division of Horticulture
at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, during 1956-57. However,
it received a real boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute
of Horticultural Research with a full fledged Division of Vegetable Crops
at Bangalore in 1968. A separate Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture
was also started at IARI, New Delhi in 1970. In 1982, the Floriculture work
was separated from the Division of Vegetable Crops which was assigned research
work exclusively on Vegetable Crops. Besides IARI, IIHR and their Regional
Stations at Katrain, Ranchi and Godhara, the Central Institute of Horticulture
for Northern Plains at Lucknow has also been given the mandate to work on
Vegetaqble Crops of the region. Further, Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan
Shala, Almora, Central gricultural Research Instirtute, Port Blair and ICAR
Research Complex for NEH Regtion Shillong are also carrying out some research
work on Vegetable Crops to meet regional needs. Establishment of 26 Agricultural
Universities in 17 States from 1960 onwards, gave further fillip to Vegetable
Research which is being carried by their Deptts. of Horticulture and in
9 cases by separate Departments of Vegetable Crops. An All India Coordinated
Vegetable Improvement Project was also started by the ICAR in 1970-71 (Fourth
Plan) to provide a national grid for testing of technologies developed by
various research institutes and agricultural universities through inter-disciplinary
multi-location research approach. The project was started with 7 main and
ten sub-centres. Three centres were added to it during the fifth, two in
the sixth and two in the seventh plan. At present there are 23 centres working
under this project. This project was upgraded as a Project Directorate of
Vegetable Research during the VII Plan in 1987 and is undertaking multidisciplinary,
multilocation research at 23 regular centres besides 42 voluntary centres.
The project at present headquartered in Varanasi (U.P.).
In addition to this,
a number of short term time bound and result oriented ad-hoc schems on area
specific problemks of selected vegetable crops are also being supported
by the ICAR at various Central Institutes and State Agricultural Universities.
There is also one foreign aided project on Post-harvest technology of some
Fruits and Vegetables. A project on Protected Cultivation and Green Houses
has been decided to be implemented with USAID support. The deetails of Infrastructure
available for vegetable research vis-a-vis other horticultural crops &
field crops is given in Table 3.
By and large vegetable
research has been carried out in India by Public Institutions. However,
in recent years there has been an effort to start R & D activities by
some private companies with foreign collaboration. Some private companies
conducting research include M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seed Co. Bangalore;
M/s Mahyco, Jalna, Maharashtra; Nath Seeds, Aurangabad. Maharashtra; Suttons
& Sons, Calcutta, West Bengal; Bejo Sheetal Hybrid Seeds, Jalna, Maharashtra;
Biogene; Bangalore, Karnataka & Unicorn Group in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
2.2 Investment in Research
An idea of Budget allocation to different groups of horticultural and other
important food crops is given in Table 4. The amount
represents allocations only to ICAR programmes and is by no way exhaustive
as expenditure on vegetable research by other Institutres/Agricultural Universities
has not been included. The data in the table will show that by and large
investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals and
is the fourth highest amongst horticultural crops next to fruit, tuber-crops
and plantation crops and higher only to floriculture and spices.
2.3 Manpower
The total manpower deployed for research on different hoticultural crops
is given in Table 5.
It will be seen that a total of 505 persons are engaged in vegetable research
of which 163 are scientists the remaining being technical, administrative
and supporting staff. Against this 1076 persons with 306 scientis are employed
for research on fruits, 1295 with 347 scientists for potato and other tuber
crops and 9139 with a component of 2213 scientists for cereal crops during
the VII Plan.
3. Research on vegetables
The major objectives of research on vegetables in India is improving production
per unit area by solving chronic problems of production through breeding
high yielding, disease & pest resistant varieties, developing F1 hybrids,
standardisation of agro-techniques for different agro-ecological situations,
disease and insect pest management and post-harvest studies with a view
to reduce post-harvest losses. Twenty three vegetable namely, amaranthus,
bitter kgourd, bottle gourd, brinjal, cabbaage, carrot, cauliflower, chillies,
coepea, cucumbefr, Dolichos, frenchbean, garlic, Luffa, muskmelon, okra,
onion, peas, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet pepper, tomato and watermelon
have been included in the national reslearch programme on vegetable crops.
The salient research achievements in vegetable research are given below.
3.1 Crop Improvement
i) New Varieties Released:
The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm introductions, and their
hybridization resulted in the selection of over 30 superior varieties of
different vegetables during fiftees. Of these, varieties 'Pusa Sawani' of
okra, 'Pusa Ruby' and 'Pusa Early Dwarf' of tomaton, 'Pusa Purple Long'
of bnrinjal and 'Booneville' of garden peas still continue to be the main
vegetable varieties due to their high yield potential and consumer's preference.
As a result of multi-disciplinary, multi-location testing of new research
materials during the last two decades, 119 improved varieties in 16 major
vegetable crops have been identified and recommended for cultivation in
various agro-climatic regions of the country (Table 6).
These include 20 varieties of tomato, 22 of brinjal, 13 each of onion and
cauliflower, 12 of garden pea, 9 of chillies, 8 of muskmelon 4 each of water
melon, pumpkin & okra, 3 frenchbean (bush type) 2 of garlic and 1 each
of Dolichos bean, cabbage, carrot, cowpea and capsicum.
It is interesting to note that out of 119 varieties recommended by All India
Coordinated vegetable Improvement Project, 52 varieties/hybrids have been
released through Central Variety Release Committee for commercial cultivation
in different zones of India. Moreover, the foundation and certified seeds
of these varieties are being produced by the National Seeds Corporation
Government of India. Besides, 74 varieties of different vegetables have
been released by different states and their list is given in Table
7.
ii) F1 Hybrids Developed:
In India, even though
the first report of hybrid vigour in chillies came in 1933 from Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, the first F1 hybrid of tomato and capsicum was available
for commercial cultivation only in 1973. Since then, there has been an increasing
interest in growing hybrids in vegetable crops among the Indian farmers.
Heterosis breeding in
vegetable crops in India has received serious attention only in recent years.
As a result the progress in developing and popularising hybrid varieties
has been very slow. The first F1 hybrid of tomato (Karnataka Hybrid) and
capsaicum (Bharat) were released for commercial cultivation in 1973 by a
private seed company M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seeds followed by 28 other
Hybrids in 9 vegetable crops. Of the 21 F1 hybrids in 11 vegetable crops
developed so far by public research institutions (Table
8).
In addition to F1 hybrids,
two synthetic cauliflower varieties, namely, 'Pusa Synthetic' in and 'Pusa
Early Synthetic' have also been recommended for release.
The F1 hybrids developed
have not been fully exploited so far due to inadequate facilities for their
seed production. At present there is an urgent need to simplify the technique
of hybrid seed production. Various genetic mechanisms like male sterility,
self-incompatibility and sgnoecious sex forms need special attention to
exploit them as female presents of the hybrids. Pioneer research work has
been carried out in the Division of Vegetable Crops, IARI, New Delhi and
some female parents like self -incompatible lines in cauliflower and cabbage
anbd gynoecious sex forms in muskmelon and cucumber have been developed
and are being utilized in heterosis breeding.Very good hybrid research work
has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University on muskmelon,brinjal,tomato,chilli
and onion.
In general, there is
acute deartrh of good hybrid seeds in cauliflower, cabbnage, tomato and
onion and taking up heterosis breeding in these crops is an immediate need.Work
on hetrosis will be strengthened after the implement of NATP project.
Several private seedsmen
have also been marketing hybrid vegetable varieties, either directly imported
and relabelled or developed by crossing exotic parents and hybrid seeds
produced indigenously. Some of these F1 hybrids are in tomato "Rupali",
"Vaishali", and "Naveen" from Bangalore, "Hybrid S-15", "Hybrid S-16" and
"Samirudhi" from Jalna and SG-12" and SG-9" from Calcutta; in capsicum "Bharat"
from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Suttons Gen Gant from Calcutta; in watermelon
"Madhu and Milan" from Bangalore; in cabbage "Ganesh Gole", "No. 8" and
"Hirirani" from Jalna". in cucumber "Priya" from Bangalore. There are many
more being offered by other seedsmen as well but their adoiption is comparatively
slow.
iii) Disease and Pest Resistant Varieties
Research on breeding
for disease/pest resistance has resulted in the release of twenty four varieties.
'Pusa Sawani' variety of okra developed as resistant to yellow-vein-mosaic
virus is the first example of successful disease resistance breeding in
vegetable crops in India. A list of resistant varieties of different crops
released so far is given in Table 9.
3.2 Agrotechniques
Besides the development of a number of high yielding varieties, efforts
have been made to devbelop package of practices for getting maximum economic
returns. A large number of agronomical practices have also been developed
to grow almost all vegetable crops under varied agro-climatic conditions.
Similarly several control measures for protecting these crops from the attack
of various diseases and insect pests have been found out. Under the All
India Coordinated Research Project alone 34 agronomical recommendations
relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, irrigation and weed control
in 11 vegetable crops, namely brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, muskmelon,
okra, onion, peas, radish, tomato, and watermelon have been made. For chemical
control of major diseases and insect-pests recommendations have been made
in 11 vegetable crops namely; bottle gourd, brinjal, cauliflower chillies,
muskmelon, okra onion, peas, tomato, turnip and watermelon. Thus 55 measures
against major diseases and insect-pests have been standardised. Recommendations
have also been made for increasing yield of tomato and brinjal by application
of chemical growth regulators like mixatgalol and 2,4-D respectively.
Technology has been developed and prefected for the production of vegetable
seeds in general and that for temperate vegetables in the hilly region of
the country in particular. Techniques for post-harvest management are also
being developed.
3.3. Breeder Seed Production
Since available of superior quality seeds is the most important single input
for production of vegetable crops tremendous attention is required to be
paid on strengthening of research on seed production technology of these
crops. Therefore, the efforts for research and production of Breeder's seed
of these crops are being intensified. Accordingly, production of Breederf's
Seed of vegetables has been included in the National Seeds Project during
the Seventh Plant which is operating at elevel centres, namely; IARI Karnal
(Haryana), IARI- Katrain (H.P.), IIHR Bangalore (Karnataka); PAU Ludhiana
(Punjab), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.), BCKVV Pedong (W.B.), MPKV Rahuri (M.S.),
YSPUHF Solan (H.P.), JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), APAU Lam (A.P.), and TNAU Coimbatore
(T.N.). About 100 tonnes of breeders seed is being produced annually against
an average requirement of 36 tonnes which forms the basis of multiplication
of superior quality foundation and certified seed. Even this limited quantity
of breeder seed is not being utilised properly. The largest beneficiary
of the breederf seed viz. N.S.C. is presently producing only about 650 tonnes
of certified seed whereas private seed industry contributes about 2000 tonnes
besides contribution of other cerftified state seed agencies amount to 500-1000
tonnes. Thus present quality of breedr seed could have fulfilled. Certified
seed requirement to the extent of 30% it is doing so only to the extent
of 13-15%. Recently the Govt. of India has launched a scheme on intensification
of vegetable production through which funds have been put at the disposal
of central institutes and the state agricultural universities to intensify
production of breeders, foundation and certified seed to overcome the wide
gap in seed requirement. The result of these efforts are yet to be known.
The new seed policy of the Govt. of India affords enough opportunity of
introducing new useful genes through the import of improved vegetable varieties
and F1 hybrid seeds. This may pave the way for utilizing these promising
genes for developing new high yielding, disease and insect-pest resistant
varieties and F1 hybrids possessing tolerance to abiotic factors.
4. Impact of vegetable research and management
Development of a large number of improved varieties and wider adaptability
and standardisation of their production technologies for various agro-climatic
conditions has made it possible to produce vegetables in wider areas and
has improved the prospects of their supply tremendously as follows.
| i) Garden pea: |
variety 'Arkel' has revolutionised the production
of early peas in all pea growing areas. |
| ii) Cauliflower: |
variety 'Pusa Early Synthetic' has adapted
to warm climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu and has made it possible
to grow cauliflower commercially in this non-traditional area. |
| iii) Watermelon: |
variety 'Sugar Baby' has spread fast in
entire Northern and Eastern India and has benefitted both the growers
with better remuneration and the consumers with superior quality.
Another variety 'Arka Manik' has made a dent in the Southern and
South-Western parts of the country. |
| iv) Okra: |
variety 'Pusa Sawani' bred for resistance
to yellow vein mosaic virus prone areas/seasons replaced all other
local varieties from cultivation all over the country. |
| v) Tomato: |
variety Pusa 'Sel-120' has made it possible
to achieve high yields of quality produce in root-know nematode
infested soils. With the released of cold tolerant variety 'Pusa
Sheetal', we can now grow tomatoes all the year round. |
| vi) Radish: |
with appropriate choice of suitable varieties
for specific seasons now we can grow radish round the years. |
| vii) Onion: |
Until 1978, Kharif onion cultivation was
only grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
However, identification of variety N-53 and ADR and development
of technology for kharif onion has enabled to get two crops of onion
annually in Northern India where it used to be only a winter/spring
crop. |
| viii) F1 Hybrids: |
There has been an alround appreciation of
growing of F1 hybrids in vegetable crops. Sizeable area of 20,000
ha. is estimated to be covered under tomato hybrids in Karnataka,
Maharashtra & Southern Gujarat. Similarly the area under F1
hybrid of cabbage is estimated at about 8,000 ha. |
5. Gaps and constraints
Despite a large number of varieties and hybrids developed, the productivity
of vegetable crops has not improved. Varieties with longer shelf life and
suitable for processing are very few. Multiple disease resistant varieties
are yet to be developed. Although a lot of work on heterosis breeding in
vegetable crops has been done in the country, yet there is acute dearth
of real good hybrids in crops like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, onion etc.
Vegetable based cropping systems have not been developed so far, which puts
these crops at a disadvantage for fitting them in crop rotations. Excessive
use of pesticides has created problems of pesticide residues and hence there
is a need for integrated pest and disease control.
Briefly, these gaps are identified as follows:
- Insufficient germplasm in different vegetable crops and the need
to augment indigenous and exotic-collections.
- Lack of new high yielding vegetable varieties/hybrids, carrying high
degree of resistance to diseases, pests, environmental stresses etc.
- Absence of basic/fundamental research programmes to accelerate the
work on applied aspects.
- Lack of competent scientific manpower to manage the research programmes.
- Lack of infrastructure and fund availability for research on vegetables.
6. Future research priorities
While significant progress has already been made there are still several
kproblems to be tackled. For this, the following research priorities have
been identified.
1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and insect-pests
such as:-
| Tomato |
leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight,
fruit borer. |
| Brinjal |
fruit and shoot borer, bacterial wilt, little leaf. |
| Okra |
yellow vein mosaic and pod borer |
| Chillies |
virus and pest complex |
| Onion |
purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and thrips). |
| Cucurbits |
downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly. |
| Cole crops |
Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot. |
| Peas |
Powdery mildew |
| Beans |
Septoria, mosaic virus and bruchus |
2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity,
salt tolerance and stress environment e.g. hot set and cold set tomatoes.
3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits,
brinjal, and capsicum.
4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables like
tomato, onion, peas and garlic (dehydration).
5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abiotic
stresses.
6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate, tropical
and sub-tropical vegetables and intensification of breeders seed production
programme.
7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies, okra, peas,
tomato, brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage.
8) Developing efficienht cropping systems.
9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments.
10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited vegetables.
11) Studies on insecticidal residues.
REFERENCES
Attavar, M., 1988. Vegetables - Hybrid Seeds Catching up. Survey of Indian
Agriculture. The Hindu pp. 147-149.
Chadha, K.L. and Ramphal, 1990. Vegetable Research in India In Proceedings
of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-119.
Chadha, K.L. Seshaderi, V.S., 1989. Vegetable Crops. Hybrid Seeds hold the
key. The Hindu Suvey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 209-214.
Chowdhary, B., 1978. Three decades of vegetable research. Indian Horticulture
44: 38-40.
Table 1. Statewise area and production of vegetable
crops (ex. Potato and tuber crops)
|
States
|
Area (ha)
|
Production (tonnes)
|
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
316030
|
1200211
|
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
26300
|
69360
|
|
Assam
|
91497
|
205151
|
|
Bihar
|
368000
|
444500
|
|
Goa
|
170
|
590
|
|
Gujarat
|
97000
|
1277700
|
|
Haryana
|
55400
|
418700
|
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
25680
|
249150
|
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
13600
|
93000
|
|
Karnataka
|
121260
|
1876358
|
|
Kerala
|
15250
|
143484
|
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
854442
|
1372077
|
|
Maharashtra
|
309300
|
115700
|
|
Manipur
|
1450
|
60500
|
|
Meghaglaya
|
40130
|
111360
|
|
Mizoram
|
2100
|
6263
|
|
Nagaland
|
62700
|
42820
|
|
Orissa
|
566320
|
4200390
|
|
Punjab
|
99800
|
2146000
|
|
Rajasthan
|
41876
|
143381
|
|
Sikkim
|
3800
|
23000
|
|
Tamil Nadu
|
51295
|
551200
|
|
Tripura
|
22500
|
174000
|
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
757966
|
9774900
|
|
West Bengal
|
376000
|
2760914
|
|
Andaman and Nicobar
|
2700
|
16200
|
|
Chandigarh
|
-
|
1970
|
|
Dadar Nagar Haveli
|
-
|
13460
|
|
Delhi
|
3325
|
266522
|
|
Lakhshadweep
|
325
|
368
|
|
Pandicherry
|
141
|
1128
|
Table 2. Area and production of different vegetable
crops in india
|
Crops
|
Area
(ha)
|
Production
(tonnes)
|
Productivity
(t/ha)
|
|
Ashgourd
|
2497
|
15326
|
6.13
|
|
Beet root
|
2164
|
36260
|
16.75
|
|
Bittergourd
|
26004
|
162196
|
6.23
|
|
Bottle gourd
|
116939
|
1428296
|
12.21
|
|
Brinjal
|
299770
|
3124487
|
10.46
|
|
Cabbage
|
113450
|
1631690
|
14.38
|
|
Capsicum
|
4783
|
42230
|
8.83
|
|
Carrot
|
20124
|
2870007
|
14.26
|
|
Cauliflower
|
238632
|
3394897
|
14.22
|
|
Chilli
|
441050
|
919339
|
l2.02
|
|
Cowpeas
|
23012
|
133587
|
5.80
|
|
Cucumber
|
16288
|
105690
|
6.48
|
|
Dolichos
|
600
|
9000
|
15.00
|
|
French bean
|
4268
|
24778
|
5.80
|
|
Garlic
|
41842
|
218985
|
5.23
|
|
Leaf vegetables
|
111840
|
731158
|
6.53
|
|
Longmelon
|
500
|
7500
|
15.00
|
|
Luffa
|
73273
|
685224
|
9.35
|
|
Methi
|
13510
|
83600
|
6.19
|
|
Muskmelon
|
28484
|
625414
|
21.95
|
|
Okra
|
369684
|
2326616
|
6.28
|
|
Onion
|
280915
|
3181067
|
11.32
|
|
Other beans
|
168645
|
349490
|
2.52
|
|
Other cole crops
|
16007
|
195424
|
12.20
|
|
Other gourds
|
109846
|
659239
|
14.32
|
|
Peas
|
146991
|
2105686
|
12.35
|
|
Pumpkin
|
43137
|
532779
|
11.91
|
|
Radish
|
67345
|
802529
|
12.77
|
|
Ridge gourd
|
10040
|
128310
|
15.85
|
|
Tomato
|
290279
|
4603446
|
15.85
|
|
Watermelon
|
16194
|
205884
|
12.71
|
Table 3: Existing facilities of research on vegetable
crops
| Field Crops |
Institute
|
Project
|
AICRP
|
SAU
|
| |
& NRC
|
Directorate
|
|
| Cereal Crops |
7
|
3
|
8
|
26
|
| Commercial crops |
5
|
-
|
5
|
26
|
| Oilseeds |
5
|
1
|
7
|
26
|
| Horticultural Crops |
|
|
|
|
| Fruits |
6
|
-
|
3
|
26
|
| Vegetables |
4
|
1
|
-
|
26
|
| Potato & tuber Crops |
2
|
1
|
-
|
26
|
| Floriculture & Medicinal Plants |
3
|
-
|
2
|
16
|
| Plantation Crops and Cashew |
3
|
-
|
2
|
11
|
Table 4: Budget for research on vegetables vis-a-vis
other crops (Rs. in Millions)
|
Crops
|
Expenditure
in VII Plan
|
Allocation
for VIII Plan
|
| Cereal Crops |
1457.31 |
3311.68 |
| Commercial Crops |
497.42 |
1040.72 |
| Oilseeds |
154.16 |
511.79 |
| Total |
2108.89 |
4864.19 |
| |
|
Horticulture Crops
|
|
| Fruits |
168.74 |
594.20 |
| Vegetables |
78.03 |
269.81 |
| Potato & Tuber Crops |
201.33 |
499.69 |
| Floriculture & Medicinal Plants |
29.30 |
127.77 |
| Plantation Crops |
196.27 |
549.59 |
| Spices |
39.25 |
138.40 |
Post-harvest Technology
(Fruits & Vegetables) |
43.06 |
69.80 |
| Total Horticulture |
755.98 |
2249.26 |
Table 5: Existing manpower for research on vegetable
crops vis-a-vis other crops.
|
Field Crop
|
Total
|
Scientific
|
|
Food Crops
|
|
|
|
Cereal Crops
|
9139
|
2213
|
|
Commercial Crops
|
2919
|
688
|
|
Oilseeds
|
1122
|
419
|
|
Total
|
13180
|
3322
|
|
|
|
|
|
Horticulture Crops
|
|
|
|
Fruits
|
1076
|
306
|
|
Vegetables
|
505
|
163
|
|
Potato & Tuber Crops
|
1295
|
347
|
|
Floriculture & Medicinal Plants
|
173
|
88
|
|
Plantation Crops
|
1201
|
232
|
|
Post-harvest Technology
(Fruits & Vegetables)
|
212
|
71
|
|
Total
|
4462
|
1207
|
Table 6: List of varieties released at national
level
Crop Varieties released through Others
Central Variety Release
Committee.
A.SOLANACEOUS CROPS
1. Brinjal:
a) Long Pusa Anupma, Pant Samart, ARU-IC, ARU-2C,
PH-4, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Azad Kranti, H-7,
purple cluster,Punjab K-202-9,NDB-25,Pusa
Barasti purple long
b) Round Jamuni Gole Baingan, Arka Navneet,BB-7
Pant Rituraj BWR-12,H-8, Pusa
Hybrid-6, T-3.
c) Small Aruna -
Round
d) Green - Arka Kusumkar
2. Peppers
a) Capsicum - Kt-I
b) Chillies Andhra Jyoti, J-218, K-2, Bhagyalakshmi,
Musalwadi,Pusa Jwala, LDC-206, sel-I
X-235
3. Tomato
a) Determi- HS-101, Pusa Earli Dwarf BT-1,CO3, KS-2, La-
nate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjab
Chhauhhara,
Punjab Kesri, Sel-7.
b) Indete- Arka Vikas, Pant Bahar Arka Saurabh,
minate Pant T-3 Pusa Ruby, Sel-120
Sioux, Pant T-2.
B.COLE CROPS
1. Cabbage Pusa Mukta --
2. Cauliflower --
a) Early Early Kunwari, Pusa Early Synthetic
Pusa Deepali, 235-S.
b) Mid - Pusa Synthetic, Improved Japanese,
season Pant Shubhara Pusa Shubara.
c) Late Pusa Snowball-1, Snowball-16
Pusa Snowball-2
Pusa Snowball-K-1.
C.LUGUMINOUS CROPS
1. Cowpea - Pusa Komal
2. Dolichos - Deepaliwal
3. French Bean VL-Boni, Arka Komal -
Pant Anupma.
4. Pea
a) Early Arkel Jawahar Matar-4,
Early December,PM-2,
Mattar Agata-6,JP-4
b) Mid- Jawahar Matar-I Bonneville, Lincoln,
season VL-3 P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.
D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS
1. Muskmelon Hara madhu, Punjab Hybrid. Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans,
Pusa Sharbati,Punjab Durgapura Madhu,Hybrid
sunheri M-3, Pusa Madhuras.
2. Pumpkin Arka Chandan, Ambali, Arka Suryamukhi
Pusa Vishwas
3. Watermelon Arka Manik, Sugar Baby Arka Jyoti, Durgapoura
Meetha.
E.BULB CROPS
1. Garlic Jamuna Safed, -
Agri-Found White
2. Onion
a) Red Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan,
Arka Niketan, N-2-4-1, N-257-9-1
Pusa Madhvi Punjab Selection,
Punjab Red Round, Pusa Ratnar,
Punjab Naroya Pusa Red,
VL-3,ALR.
b) White - Pusa White Flat,
Pusa White Round
PB-48.
F. ROOT
Carrot Pusa Yamdagni --
G.OTHER CROPS
Orka -- P-7, Parbhani
Kranti, Sel-2,
Sel-10 (IIHR)
Table 7. List of vegetable varieties released by
state variety release committee.
|
Crops
|
Variety
|
| Solanaceous Crops |
|
| a) Brinjal |
Annamalai, Azad B-1, Co-1, Gujarat Brinjal-6,
Junagadh Oblong, Kalianpur Type 3, MDU-1. Punjab Neelam,Sada Bahar
Bangan,Punjab Moti,BH-1,BH-2 |
| b) Tomato |
Azad T-2, Kalianpur Angoorlata, Kalianpur-1,
NTDR-1, PKM-1, Punjab Tropic,PNR-7,TH2312, TH802 |
| c) Chillies |
Chanchal, Co-1, CO-2, DH-76-6, Gujarat Chillies, K-1, MDH-1, Pant C-1, Sindhur, CH-1,Punjab
|
|
