Introduction
 The WG3 document includes
a Worldwide Summary Report followed by seven presentations. The Worldwide
Summary Report is the product of horticultural specialists who were solicited
and requested expressly to address the needs and expectations for horticultural
research in their region, country, organization, or industry. In some cases
they directly represented a single stakeholder's perspective, e.g., Produce
Marketing Association (PMA). In other cases the specialists felt confident
in representing all stakeholders: consumers, producers, marketing companies
and associations, and public research organizations (government and university
laboratories). Like Dr. Roger Lawson, who is the horticultural project leader
for the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research
Service (USDA/ARS), stated: "Our research results must be relevant to customers
and all other users."
Because the technological
needs of developing countries are markedly different from those that drive
markets in industrialized countries and because national horticultural research
programs are invariably weak or non-existent in many of the developing countries,
the Worldwide Summary Report divides the world into three categories by
level of economic development. The "Developed Economies" section is summarized
from inputs received from the USA-USDA/ARS, North Carolina State University,
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Spain (Greenhouse Vegetable Industry),
Israel, CAB International, PMA, and several individual horticultural leaders.
The "Emerging Economies" section is represented by South Korea, Indonesia,
and Hungary--one of the Eastern European countries that is, in a way, beginning
anew horticulturally. Speaking for the "Low Income Economies" are three
CGIAR (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) Centers:
CIP (International Potato Center), IFPRI (International Food Policy Research
Institute), and AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center),
as well as a senior officer of the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations).
Many contributors expressed
needs that do not require research; for example, the North Carolina nursery
industry has a long wish list, but not one item requires research to implement.
This report is specifically limited to research needs and expectations.
The Chair's summaries
of contributors' oral and written reports (Contributor Summary Reports)
are included following the Worldwide Summary Report. The complete, unedited
reports of those contributors who responded in writing are on the Congress
web site at: <http://wchr.agrsci.unibo.it/wc3/indexwc3.html>. You are
strongly encouraged to study both the Contributor Summary Reports and their
full reports on the web site. Information on how to contact all contributors
is listed at the end of the WG3 document. 
The eight presentations
begin with Drs. Michelangelo Leis and Alessio Martinelli who review the
plant propagation industry needs in our host country, Italy. Dr. Nicky Seager
(kiwifruit) and Drs. Kirby Moulton and John Possingham (viticulture) look
at the WG3 mission from single crop perspectives. Dr. Henk Van Oosten gives
us a single country's perspective. Note that that country is Holland, a
horticultural leader, and number one worldwide in floriculture production
(1). Country presentations are also provided by Drs. Amnon Erez and I. Spharim,
Israel; K.L. Chadha, India; and Sue Popple, United Kingdom--three countries
with a keen interest in horticulture's research needs and expectations.
Dr. John Abbott, NOVARTIS Corporation, looks at the needs and expectations
for horticultural research from the viewpoint of the large, multinational
corporations. His report addresses the missions of both WG3 and WG4 (horticultural
policy). Many of these large multinationals are, or were, the large chemical
companies. Others are seed and/or biotechnology companies with their future
staked to crop improvement. All are business driven and have little need
for the public sector except as a source of new talent. They do, however,
have the resources to accomplish big breakthrough projects from beginning
to end. For certain, these companies will have much to do with determining
our horticultural futures.
WORLDWIDE SUMMARY REPORT
Developed Economies
Many of today's horticultural research needs have been with us a long time.
Yields per land area must continue to increase as the world's population
redoubles in the next few decades. Strong research programs that develop
and apply precision agricultural technologies and that better adapt crops
to their production environments will be essential if these productivity
increases are to occur without worsening the environmental impact of farming.
Ancient pest problems remain; and their solutions are important needs, e.g.,
Tristeza in citrus and Late Blight of potato. A frequent request is for
the application of new tools and technologies like bio-engineering and marker
assisted (fast track) breeding to help with these continuing needs. Other
needs are specific to regions and/or crops and cannot be easily summarized.
For the United States, the Agricultural Research Service lists "increasing
the competitiveness of small farm agriculture" as one of its major needs.
The tree fruit industry would like to have size controlling rootstocks.
These specific needs are as numerous as are individual horticultural crops
and regions, and many examples can be seen in the following Contributor
Summary Reports and full reports on the web. You are encouraged to use these
authors as contacts for further information and dialogue. Interesting trends
are surfacing; needs that are mentioned in almost every report. Some of
them are new in terms of the high degree of emphasis they receive. Most
of them are consumer driven demonstrating that when public interest grows
to a critical level, it begins to reverberate throughout all segments of
the industry. Consumer demands largely determine what growers, market operators,
shippers, and the entire horticultural chain consider important priorities.
As in any other business sector, their own needs are secondary to what their
markets demand.
Four major trend areas are:
1. The Environment
In her Presidential
Address at the Annual Meeting of the American Association (AAAS) for the
Advancement of Science, Jane Lubchenco (5) states that the environment is
no longer a marginal issue, but is the issue of the future. She calls for
an investment in both fundamental and applied research in a broad spectrum
of areas where new knowledge is urgently needed: "The new and unmet needs
of society include more comprehensive information, understanding, and technologies
for society to move toward a more sustainable biosphere--one that is ecologically
sound, economically feasible, and socially just."
Only a decade ago those
who espoused sustainable horticulture were dismissed by the scientific community
almost as "crackpots." When we opened The Land Pavilion at Epcot®
in 1982, we displayed horticultural crops, concepts, tools, and technologies
important to horticulture but with no environmental theme. Today, sustainable
practices in horticultural production are the predominant messages at The
Land. Reducing the environmental impact of horticultural production is also
the top expectation listed in almost every contribution to this worldwide
report. Some of the specific needs listed include: cultural practices that
minimize the environmental impact of production; broader application of
integrated pest management; nutrient management systems, including precision
agriculture technologies for reducing the introduction of excess nitrogen,
phosphorus, pesticides, and other pollutants into the environment; irrigation
re-circulation and zero runoff strategies for greenhouse and hydroponic
growers; and plant-based biodegradable plastic mulches and greenhouse covers.
There are even calls for research in direct support of organic horticulture.
Sales of organic produce have been increasing at a rate of 20 to 30 percent
annually in North America for the past five years (Coleman).
2. Food Safety
Not surprisingly, research to guarantee safe fruits and vegetables is the
number one need cited by marketing organizations. They want to determine
how and where pathogens get on food and how best to remove them. They also
want research to develop quick tests for unsafe produce. Both European and
American government spokespersons cite food safety as high priority and
pledge research to increase the level of scientific knowledge of microorganisms
that cause food safety problems. Countries interested in international trade
want to be able to guarantee clean horticultural products free from both
human, animal, and plant pathogens and pests. The ability to deliver pesticide
free or low residue horticultural products is also a frequently cited need
related to both food safety and environmental issues.
3. Product Quality
A frequently stated consumer-driven expectation is safe, high quality foods.
In pursuit of this goal, producers and distributors need longer produce
shelf lives, achievable either via development of new cultivars or improvements
in post harvest handling and storage technology. Others cite the need for
non-destructive measurement techniques for predicting and measuring product
maturity and quality. Pineapple is an example of a superior product nevertheless
shunned by many consumers because of prior unfavorable experiences with
immature fruit that should never have been in the market. Market operators
support research to improve consistency in quality, to develop new products,
or make superior products more marketable. They support research projects
such as those currently underway to develop a pre-peeled citrus product
and to delay the softening of tree fully ripened stone fruits.
4. New Product Development
The continued ongoing
development of new, improved cultivars with pest resistance, longer storage
life, enhanced aroma and flavor, etc. is a widely stated need and expectation
for future horticultural research. In addition, there is strong support
for development of new crops and products for different purposes:
New plant sources of
raw materials for industry and energy.
New food products developed
through a basic understanding of food composition, flavor, texture and packaging,
including value added through new or alternative processing procedures.
Fruits and vegetables
with higher levels of both nutritional and functional components that improve
health and well-being, and even prevent, treat, and manage chronic diseases
(8). This research will require collaboration between horticultural and
medical scientists.
New and superior ornamental
crops (e.g., Christmas tree growers need new selections with desirable traits).
Systematic exploitation
of the enormous biodiversity of tropical plants in an internationally cooperative
way.
New, high-value crops
for diversification.
An effective substitute(s)
for methyl bromide.
A number of additional
research needs and expectations, falling outside these four major trend
areas, are frequently mentioned and are important to summarize:
Reduce production costs
via improved management and engineering (lower the cost of production).
Apply flexible and appropriate technologies to each situation.
Build public support
for biotechnology (especially in Europe).
Improve weather forecasting
to increase reliability of production.
Increase rates of technology
transfer to horticulture (e.g., new remote sensing technologies for plant
stress detection).
Find ways for low income
economies to share in the new wealth being created via biotechnology.
Cooperate more effectively
in horticultural research efforts. Since large companies don't see sufficient
markets in minor crops, research will have to continue in the less well-funded
public sector.
Mechanization, especially
for harvests.
Emerging Economies
The three countries
reporting are all committed to continued development of their horticultural
industries and to continuing a transition from subsistence crops to high
value horticultural crops. They place strong emphasis on improving product
quality and the economic status of their producers. Their research needs
vary little from those of the more advanced economies. References to developing
sustainable practices, including precise fertilizer application and integrated
pest management with emphasis on biological insect pest control, are common.
They plan to develop new ornamental cultivars; improve mechanization of
harvests; breed for pest and stress resistance; produce clean, safe products
for export; preserve native species; and sustainably exploit their unique
resources. They also stress the need for development of effective domestic
and international research partnerships.
Low Income Economies
Some of the needs and
expectations for horticultural research in poorer countries are different
and unique; while others are the same as those listed for the previous groups,
such as the need to develop sustainable production methods and effective
research partnerships. The following is a list of horticultural research
needs for low income economies:
Develop and apply sustainable
production methods. This is especially important in developing countries
where poverty, low agricultural productivity, and environmental degradation
are inseparable. Norm Borlaug (2) states that "The root cause of most environmental
degradation has been mistaken economic policy in many parts of the developing
world, which perpetuates low-yielding traditional farming systems and poverty
by not aggressively bringing science-based technology to small-scale farmers."
As an example, global application of fertilization nitrogen (N) is increasing
rapidly from 32 million metric tons (32 TgN) in 1970 to a projected 130
to 150 TgN in 2050, with two-thirds of that application in developing countries
(3). Consequences include nitrate runoff into water systems and nitrous
oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) to the atmosphere. N2O
is a significant greenhouse gas (7), and NO regulates tropospheric ozone
production and is a precursor to acid precipitation (4). Matson, et al (6),
through some creative research in Mexico, recently showed that lower rates
of N fertilizer, applied later in a crop cycle, reduced N loss without affecting
yield and product quality. They conclude that a knowledge-intensive approach
to fertilizer management can substitute for higher levels of inputs, saving
farmers money and reducing environmental costs.
Extend the green revolution
to horticultural crops in order to balance nutritional quality with quantity.
The revolution actually displaced pulses and vegetables with the high yielding
grains to the nutritional detriment of the people.
Address an alarming
human micro-nutrient malnutrition problem by breeding digestible micro-nutrients,
especially iron, zinc, and vitamin K into vegetables and fruits.
Consider the entire
seed to market chain in planning research projects. Research to increase
production, or product quality alone, usually fails because storage, shipping,
markets, etc. have not been planned.
Continue to emphasize
pest and disease management because this research has, historically, shown
a high rate of return.
Identify, characterize,
and preserve genetic resources. Perfect low cost, reliable, storage methods
for vegetatively propagated germplasm. A related social (policy) issue is
to find just solutions to intellectual property and natural resource ownership
issues so everyone benefits.
Sustainably exploit
under utilized native species. For example, Indonesia has made it a high
national priority to fund the research necessary to develop a native tropical
fruits industry and to protect their native orchids that are being lost
to deforestation and theft.
Strengthen horticultural
research capacity so native scientists can generate new knowledge for increasing
productivity with particular emphasis on sustainability and prudent use
of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides, etc.). One special area of need
is infrastructure and training in information technology and service.
Food safety-related
research is very important if export markets are a future goal.
Collaborative research
and the development of effective research partnerships are considered extremely
important for these low income economies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bordelon, Bruce, et
al. 1997. Food System 21: Gearing up for the New Millennium. Chapter 13:
Horticultural Sector. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, West
Lafayette, IN.
Borlaug, Norman E. 1997.
"Feeding the World in the 21st Century: The Challenges Before Us." Keynote
address, presented at the World Congress of the International Food and Agribusiness
Management Association, Jakarta, Indonesia.
FAO, Fertilizer Yearbook,
United Nations, 1990; United Nations, United Nations Statistical Yearbook,
International Economic and Social Affairs Department, 1992; Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Ecosystems"
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report, Washington, DC, 1990;
Bumb, B.L. and Baanante, C.A., "The Role of Fertilizer in Sustaining Food
Security and Protecting the Environment to 2020" (International Food Policy
Research Institute, Washington, DC, 1996).
Hall, S.J., et al. 1996.
Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. P. 21, 311; Veldkamp, E., et al. 1997. "Nutrient
Cycling Agroecosyst" P. 48, 69; Davidson, E.A., et al, ibid., P. 37.
Lubchenco, Jane. 1998.
"Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science."
Science 279: P. 491-497.
Matson, Pamela A. et
al. 1998. Integration of Environmental, Agronomic, and Economic Aspects
of Fertilizer Management. Science 280: P. 112-115.
Mosier, A.R. 1994. Fert.
Res. P. 37, 191; Bouwman, A.F. 1994. "Direct Emission of Nitrous Oxide from
Agricultural Soils" (Report No. 773004004. National Institute of Public
Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands); Williams,
E. J., et al. 1992. "Global Biogeochem," Cycles P. 6, 351; Eichner, M.J.
1990. J. Environ, Qual. P. 19, 272.
Unnevehr. Laurian, et
al. 1998. Regulating Health Claims on Food Products. Choices (American Agricultural
Economics Association) First Quarter: P. 26-31.
CONTRIBUTOR SUMMARY REPORTS
Contributors' full reports appear on the Congress website at:
http://wchr.agrsci.unibo.it/wc3/indexwc3.htm
1. DEVELOPED ECONOMIES
1.1. U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE/AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE (USDA/ARS)
Excerpted from a personal
interview with Dr. Roger H. Lawson, National Program Leader, Horticulture
and Sugar Crops, National Program Staff, Agricultural Research Service,
in Beltsville, MD, USA in November 1997.
Increase yields/acre
Increase competitiveness
of small farm agriculture
Develop new foods with
phytonutrient content that retards or prevents disease
Find alternatives to
chemical pesticides
Control pollution from
farms
Improve techniques to
predict and monitor changes in the productive capacity of land and soil
Improve techniques to
determine the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and for
evaluating the quantity of ground water supplies
Monitor changes in land
use, soil and crop status and soil and crop management practices to assess
the overall effects of atmospheric changes on crop productivity
Develop value added
products through new or alternative processing procedures
Develop healthier foods
with better nutritional value (requires improved linkages between plant
and medical sciences)
Dentify sources of food
contamination and develop improved methods of detecting pathogenic microbes
Develop new food products
through a basic understanding of food composition, flavor, texture, and
packaging
Develop alternative
crops as new sources of raw materials and alternative energy.
In a subsequent conversation,
Dr. Lawson expanded on this list with the following research priorities:
Applications of new
technologies to solve old problems. For example, development of genetically
engineered potatoes with resistance to the growing problem of late blight.
Maintain basic breeding
(crop improvement) programs on all horticultural crops. This requires maintaining
germplasm collections and applying new technology, like marker assisted
(fast track) breeding. Horticultural crop improvement programs will probably
remain mostly public programs.
Being able to guarantee
clean product to export markets, perhaps via irradiation or built-in genetic
resistance or improved cultural management practices.
Increasing the level
of scientific knowledge of micro organisms that cause food safety problems
from field to table.
Finding an alternative
to methyl bromide.
Improve nutritional
value of horticultural crops. Recent successes include carrots with 5x beta
carotene and broccoli with high levels of cancer fighting beta glycosides.
Continued development
of new crops in all fields of horticulture; specific example mentioned in
floriculture is Phalenopsis or butterfly orchid. Public-private cooperation
will be very important for progress to be made.
Expand the tropical
fruits industry, especially in Hawaii, Florida, and Puerto Rico.
ARS research is largely
driven by the needs of consumers, growers, and other interested users. Grower
groups meet with ARS, and directly with the U.S. Congress that appropriates
research funds. Recently, the northwestern United States small fruits industry
has been successful in getting public money from Congress for research on
flavor and nutritional value of their products.
ARS also complements
what the industry won't pay for by looking ahead with a basic research program.
An example is a peach transformation study with a long-term goal of ripening
control for improved table quality.
ARS largely reflects
consumer and industry needs and expectations.
1.2. NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
Summarized from an outline titled: "Future Needs and Expectations of Various
Horticultural Industries in North Carolina and the Southeast USA."
1.2.1. Green Industries
(Nurseries, greenhouses, landscape installation and maintenance, and associated
industries)
Research that helps growers become better stewards of the environment
Reduced pesticide/chemical use as we learn more about pest resistance in
plants and the effects cultural practices have on pest have on pest populations.
Media, fertilizers, growth regulators, plant breeding and evaluation, water
quality, and delivery/conservation all will play an important role.
Labor will continue to be a dominant issue. Research on automation and people
issues involving health and safety.
1.2.2. Sweet Potato Industry
Develop new, unique varieties that are high yield, high quality, smooth
skinned, pox-resistant
More value-added products
More processing cultivars
Additional research support for pesticides, packaging of product, and shelf
life
Market research on consumer wants and demands
1.2.3. Floriculture Industry
Production technology research for herbaceous perennials
Irrigation recirculation/zero run-off production strategies
Product development and product line assessment for global marketing
1.2.4. Eastern Christmas Tree Industry
Better quality, more reliable sources of seeds and seedlings
Increased research on vegetable propagation
Ability to bale tree and prevent drying after cutting
Reducing shearing and pruning needs
Tree improvement through genetics and breeding. Need new species with desirable
Christmas tree traits and improved strains of all currently used species
Detailed research into tree diseases
Capability to grow a better quality tree in a shorter time
Pest control, including incorporating methods already in practice (i.e.,
degree-day temperatures in tip moth control)
Improved agricultural chemicals labeled for Christmas trees
1.2.5. Vegetable Industry
Practical, significant, in-depth studies of natural soil microbes to enhance
vegetable crop production
Delineation of regional strengths and comparative advantages for existing
and new crops for both domestic and international markets
New, high-value crops for diversification
As the herb industry matures, help is needed with the following:
- Determining the most efficient ways to grow the herbs (especially
the large-scale production of medicinal herbs)
- How cultural methods affect the alkaloids or other compounds of interest
- Methods to dry, process, and package the herbs for shipment, etc.
- Practical application of biotechnology into useful products
- Weed management systems that emphasize new methods
- Nematode control
- Low input, high management, low technology, sustainable systems for vegetables
- Cash crop--cover crop interactions
- Nutrient management for crops, especially reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus
- Use of cover crops for improved erosion control, nutrient use, soil structure
and water management
- Impact of cultural management systems (intensive vs. sustainable) on biology,
production, and soils
1.2.6. Small Fruit Industries
Strawberries
Find alternatives to methyl bromide for controlling soil pests, diseases,
and weeds
Develop higher quality strawberry cultivars that compete favorably in local
and regional markets
Develop anthracnose tolerance in cultivars
Blueberries
Develop high-quality stem canker resistant/tolerant cultivars
Research weed control, especially for new plantings
Develop new cultivars and growing systems suited to mechanical harvesting
Blackberries
Develop new varieties resistant to the airborne fungal disease which creates
double blossoms
Understand "Cane Midge," a new insect pest
Varietal adaptation to handle the greater temperature fluctuations
Evaluate the available, new trellis systems
Raspberries
Develop new heat tolerant and temperature fluctuation tolerant varieties
1.2.7. Weed Management Industries
Increase knowledge of weed and herbicide physiology and weed biology
Identify critical weed-free dates for common weeds
Develop weed management programs for minor crops
1.2.8. Tree Fruit Industry
Precocious, dwarfing, fire blight resistant apple rootstocks and fire blight
resistant varieties
Precocious dwarfing rootstocks for peaches and pecans to increase productivity
and reduce labor inputs
Chemical thinners for peaches
Varieties, rootstocks, and/or bloom delay products for peaches to avoid
frost/freeze crop loss
Continued development and registration of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides,
and growth regulators with diversified and unique modes of action.
1.3. WASHINGTON TREE FRUIT RESEARCH COMMISSION
(Excerpted from a report by Dr. George Ing, Manager)
The Washington Tree
Fruit Research Commission (WTFRC) assesses $1 per ton for tree fruits harvested
in Washington State and uses the $4.25 million collected annually to fund
120 projects in 14 American states and four foreign countries. The WTFRC
uses its strength to lobby for Federal public research funds, to initiate
needed research that isn't otherwise being addressed, to leverage and validate
public research programs, and to bring the industry and public research
laboratories closer together. The organization believes that private (industry)
funded research in the United States will continue indefinitely; although,
in fact, it has always been important, especially in the areas of vegetable
breeding and equipment design and engineering.
The WTFRC "needs and
expectations" list is as follows:
Pest management systems
less reliant on chemicals but still able to deliver high quality and attractive
products.
Control of post harvest
pests and physiological disorders that decrease product quality.
Longer fruit storage
capabilities.
Development of technology
for nondestructive measurement of fruit maturity and quality. The ability
to deliver consistent high product quality is very important.
The ability to grow
better crops more efficiently (with fewer inputs). One specific need is
for size controlling, precocious rootstocks for all species other than apple.
Mechanical harvesting
for fresh markets.
1.4. SPAIN (GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE INDUSTRY)
Summarized from a report
titled "Research needs to achieve the expectations of the greenhouse vegetable
industry in Southeastern Spain" by Jesus Cuartero and R. Lozano.
Needs and expectations
could be summarized into two categories: (1) productivity and quality, and
(2) food safety and the environment.
Distributors need vegetables
with longer shelf lives of 10 to 15 days, a goal achievable either via development
of new cultivars or improvements in post harvest handling and storage technology.
Consumers are demanding enhanced aroma and flavor. To achieve these needs,
research is required on the physiology of ripening, to develop instrumental
substitutes for taste panels, and to understand the influence of the ambient
environment on quality. Environment is more manipulative in greenhouse production.
New plastics can be developed with specific wavelength permeability. New
cultivars developed should be at least as productive as today's cultivars,
and should be made more tolerant to fluctuating environmental conditions.
Increasing mechanization, especially in harvest, will also be a key to increasing
productivity.
Integrated crop management
methods must be developed to minimize or eliminate use of pesticides and
to minimize the impact of fertilizers and pesticides to the ground water
environment. Three areas of specific research needs are: (a) development
of pest resistant cultivars, (b) ability to better control the greenhouse
environment (especially temperatures and humidity), and (c) a better understanding
of the epidemiology of insects and disease organisms in the greenhouse environment.
The latter is important for efficient application of biological control
methods.
The development of new
cultivars can meet a number of the above listed objectives. New technologies
like use of molecular markers and genetic engineering should be employed
to speed up the research provided that the public accepts them.
1.5. ISRAEL
Summarized from a report
titled: Horticultural Research in Israel, Past, Present, and Future by Amnon
Erez and I. Spharim.
Future horticultural
research will have to concentrate on specialized niche products mostly based
on sophisticated development. Examples are high quality crosses of vegetable
seeds of special quality, specialized products like winter cherry tomato,
high quality greenhouse-grown vegetables or out-of-season cherry and peach,
seedless Muscat-taste grapes or new cut flowers like the orchidiola (dwarf
gladiola) or the ornamental dwarf sunflower. In the local market efforts
will be concentrated on improving fruit quality and reducing pesticide use
and residues by producing resistant transgenic plants and by advancing integrated
pest management, as well as by increasing the sector of biological products.
Emphasis on the environment will need more efforts in the area of reducing
horticultural pollution by better controlling fertilization, salinity, and
pest control. All of these require a multi-discipline research to be able
to achieve these goals.
The following are the
future potential fields to be developed or strengthened:
New, improved high quality
cultivars (conventional and biotechnological breeding, post harvest).
Reduced production costs
by improved management (management and engineering).
Pesticide free or low
residues in edible products. Increase in organically produced edible crops
(management and biotechnology).
Higher concern for the
environment with regard to use of fertilizers and pesticides (nutrition
studies, irrigation and water use studies, and recycled water studies).
1.6. CAB INTERNATIONAL
Summarized from a statement titled: "Needs and Expectations for Horticultural
Research: Some Major Issues" by R. J. Williams.
R. J. Williams suggests two major research needs: (1) effective substitution
of biological for chemical pest management and (2) crop improvements made
possible today by breakthroughs in biotechnology. These needs are largely
driven by consumer demands for high quality products produced with minimal
environmental impacts. Applications must extend to developing countries
where the most severe environmental impact problems occur. In the developed
countries, particularly Europe, we must find ways of building public understanding
of, and support for, biotechnology.
1.7. PRODUCE MARKETING ASSOCIATION (PMA)
Summarized from notes of telephone conversations with Kathy Means (PMA)
and Ed McLaughlin, Cornell University.
The market operators' perspective was provided by Kathy Means Communications
Director, PMA, and Ed McLaughlin, Professor of Marketing at Cornell University.
Professor McLaughlin does research on retail marketing of produce. Both
experts listed food safety as the most critical issue requiring research
to determine how and where pathogens get on food and how best to remove
them. The second priority was improved product quality; produce that tastes
good and is highly convenient and, therefore, easy to market. This requires
not only crop improvement research, but also the development of new technologies
like smart films and modified atmosphere storage. Market operators know
that more and more consumers want convenient, safe, and tasty foods with
shelf life; horticultural products don't work yet as well as, for example,
pizza. New ideas like pre-peeled citrus and controlled ripening are good
approaches. Both experts suggested that we need a better understanding of
the $80 billion distribution system between grower and retailer. Too much
temperature abuse during that period affects quality and safety. The PMA
spokesperson also called for research to: (1) develop quick tests for unsafe
produce; (2) develop novel new products, e.g., gold kiwifruit, or make superior
products more marketable, e.g., mango; (3) improve consistency in quality,
e.g., many consumers don't buy pineapple because they've had a bad quality
experience; and (4) strengthen the scientific link between horticultural
products and health. Especially important will be studies on complex interrelations
that suggest that nutrients in foods cannot be replaced with pills.
1.8. Personal Views
1.8.1.Robert Coleman
Summarized from a report
entitled: "Horticultural Research Needed Worldwide" by R. Coleman, horticulture
public relations specialist, Coleman Communications.
Priority areas:
Horticultural research must be aimed at feeding many more millions each
year worldwide with:
- Field studies directed to increasing per unit (ac/hectare) production
of the most basic vegetables and fruits.
- Greenhouse studies aimed at increasing in-house (under plastic/glass)
production.
Adapt and perfect precision
agriculture technologies within horticulture. Trial efforts in vegetable
and citrus production are now underway, but much remains to be done regarding
the improvement of inputs. GPS and GIS systems, plus integrated GPS/GIS
systems and studies, are needed into Variable Rate Technology for ways to
reduce fertilizer and chemical applications and still control insect, disease,
and weed problems, yet reduce drift, cut costs, and sustain or improve the
environment.
Increase horticultural
research activities to deal with consumers' top concerns. A 1995 consumer
poll found that the five most important horticulturally related issues with
the public were, in order: water contamination, bacterial food contamination,
pesticide residues, food additives (including irradiation), and soil erosion.
More aggressively pursue
research into organic vegetable and fruit production--especially in lieu
of greater demands for organic foods. In the United States notes The Packer,
a fresh produce trade newspaper, sales of organic produce have been increasing
20 to 30 percent per year for the past five years with similar growth forecast
for the next several years.
Finally, the trend to
greater yearly production of greenhouse-grown tomatoes and certain other
in-demand vegetables presents opportunities for researchers to increase
efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts of production, introduce new
products, etc.
1.8.2. Merle Jensen
Summarized from notes
of a telephone conversation with Dr. Merle Jensen, horticulturist and assistant
dean for Agriculture, University of Arizona.
(Note: Dr. Jensen has traveled and consulted extensively throughout the
world and is a horticultural liaison between industry and the University
of Arizona.)
1.8.2.1. General Situation
Almost all universities
are not meeting industry needs. The greenhouse industry is running out of
skilled technicians. The education process is remiss in not teaching students
how to apply their knowledge so they can enter industry with confidence
following graduation.
In research there is
a widening gap between the scientists and the application of their work
in the field. Horticultural scientists relate less and less to their industry.
Most make little or no attempt to communicate their science to the public.
Research in the corporate
sector is business driven and backed by big money. The corporate sector
does not necessarily need the universities except to hire away their best
scientists. The public sector does not have the necessary resources to do
the big break-through projects from beginning to end.
Horticultural scientists
must learn to be entrepreneurs. There is little money available for horticultural
research, so scientists must be imaginative and creative. For example, in
Arizona Merle is building a center for controlled environment agriculture.
It is making a difference. Controlled environment agriculture versus the
traditional crop, cotton, produces 37¢ versus 0.1¢ worth of product
for every gallon of irrigation water applied. In addition, controlled environment
agriculture produces 500 jobs for every 100 acres. (Ed. note: Arizona is
a desert, and irrigation water is a very valuable commodity.)
1.8.2.2. Controlled Environment Agriculture
Horticulture is becoming more sophisticated and high tech as a result of
research successes in crop breeding, crop nutrition, pollination, integrated
pest management, and greenhouse engineering. In the last 35 years greenhouse
vegetable yields have increased from 50 to 250 tons per acre, with parallel
increases in product quality.
One of the biggest needs today is for biodegradable plastics, preferably
plant-based biodegradable plastics. Today in the world there are 8.5 million
acres covered with plastic mulch and 650 thousand acres of plastic covered
greenhouses. The disposed problem for used plastic is huge.
1.8.2.3. Other Needs and Expectations.
The number one research priority will involve solving environmental issues.
Feeding future world populations will involve applying appropriate technologies
to individual situations. The education process should prepare students
for this.
Genetic control and manipulation (biotechnology) will be powerful, and we
are challenged to find ways of enabling the developing economies to share
in that new "wealth."
Refine human nutrition and link it closely to (preventive) medicine.
Look at possibilities for transfer of technologies in other fields to horticulture,
e.g., U.S. National Laboratory technologies. How can the horticultural industry
make money via application of new, available technologies?
Improvements in weather forecasting and increasing the reliability of production.
1.8.3. J. Weerts
Summarized from a statement titled: "Personal Views Concerning the Future
Needs for Horticultural Research" by J. Weerts.
J. Weerts of Belgium agrees that large companies will mostly continue to
have little interest in horticultural research. Therefore, he suggests that
horticulture should maximize research progress via major international collaboration
efforts. The two major research priorities that Weerts sees dominating in
Europe are: (1) health, notably food safety, the intrinsic quality of horticultural
products and designations of origin, and (2) cultural practices that minimize
the environmental impact of production. He also suggests collaboration between
horticultural and medical scientists, the development of new uses and new
markets in both the food and non-food sector, including medicinal uses and
new horticultural product based convenience foods. Finally, he suggests
a systematic exploitation of the enormous biodiversity of tropical plants,
obviously for their potential, but also as one way to build international
cooperation in horticultural research and help build the economy of developing
countries.
2. EMERGING ECONOMIES
2.1. HUNGARY
(Excerpted from several
reports by Dr. Pál Sass; all available on the www site: Agenda for
Research and Development Activities for the Next Decades in Hungarian Horticulture;
Main Elements and Targets of the Research and Development in the Hungarian
Canning Industry; Part-Report on Hungarian Horticultural Research)
Hungary has for decades
stressed mass production over quality and, therefore, has much research
to do upgrading technology before it can compete in the world market. Their
research agenda stresses application of foreign technology when it is available;
building cultivar information data bases based on foreign cultivars; trials
and breeding; application of information systems (information technology,
computer controls and modeling) for total quality management; quality improvement;
sustainability in production, including environmental protection, biological
pest control, energy conservation, and environment friendly field packaging;
and research to support post harvest handling, processing, and storage.
This includes research priorities like "determination of optional harvest
dates for maximum storage life and the role of processed horticultural products
in human nutrition."
A document entitled:
"Report on Hungarian Horticultural Research" reviews research priorities
in depth. It stresses sustainable development and environmental protection;
integrated production, including IPM; development of energy saving technologies,
including geo thermal; development of disease resistant rootstocks and varieties;
search for new beneficial genes; and development of an industry in medicinal
and aromatic plants for industrial and pharmaceutical uses. The document
specifies that the crop breeding effort will exploit new technologies like
molecular markers and genetic engineering. Production and handling research
will involve studies in many different areas, including post harvest physiology
and application of information technologies. Storage will be an area of
research emphasis that will include both product physiological studies and
new engineering developments. One area of particular emphasis is food safety
in relation to food processing.
2.2. INDONESIA
(Excerpted from a personal interview with Dr. Livy Winata Gunawan and from
a report "Business Prospects for Tropical Fruits in Indonesia" by Dr. Syafrida
Manuwoto, which is published on the www site)
Until recently there was very little horticulture research as the government
concentrated on rice. However, the present and future agricultural research
emphasis will be on the development of a native tropical fruits industry.
Research goals will be to improve the economy of small growers, improve
the nutritional status of rural populations, achieve agricultural sustainability,
preserve indigenous species, preserve and evaluate germplasm, breed new
cultivars, develop effective and efficient propagation methods, and develop
harvest and post-harvest handling and processing methods. The goal is to
exploit both conventional and new technologies and form both domestic and
international working research partnerships.
Vegetable research will concentrate on potato, hot peppers, and garlic.
Priorities include breeding for disease resistance and heat tolerant cultivars.
An ornamentals priority is the preservation of native orchids, many of which
are lost to timbering and theft.
2.3. SOUTH KOREA
(Excerpted from a document provided by Dr. K.W. Park entitled "Future Needs
and Expectations for Horticultural Research in Korea." The entire document
is published on the www site.)
Korea is a modern horticultural success story. Between 1985 and 1995, production
of field vegetables, greenhouse vegetables, fruits, cut flowers, and mushrooms
increased by 15, 257, 67, 904, and 464 percent, respectively. Future research
needs and expectations of the Korean horticultural industry as a whole are
listed as:
development of new production techniques (e.g., plant factories)
increase of farm income by
-increasing crop productivity
-improving crop quality and value
-increasing mechanization
-improving post harvest technology
reduce environmental impact through
-breeding stress and pest resistant cultivars
-improve precision of fertilizer applications
-develop biological control alternatives
-develop organic production methods
-develop methods of monitoring the effects of production on the environment
Vegetable producers
are specifically looking for increased mechanization of sowing and harvesting,
more automation in protected culture, and finding ways to deliver increased
freshness and quality to consumers. Fruit growers cited a need for research
to increase productivity through breeding, introduction of new cultivars,
or new production methods, and reductions in production labor costs. The
flower growers' research wish list includes development of new crops from
native flowering plants, breeding for pest and environmental stress resistance,
and more application of computers in production and marketing. Hydroponic
growers need better adapted cultivars, effective disinfecting methods, better
definition of crop fertilizer requirements, materials recycling systems,
and better methods of getting product to market. Ed. Note: These are basically
the research needs of hydroponic growers the world over.
Marketing groups listed
better packaging and storage technologies and high quality product free
of any safety concerns as their highest priorities. University scientists
plan to concentrate their research on plant nutrition to support the growing
hydroponics industry, applications of biotechnology to breeding for improved
product quality, post harvest physiology to support horticultural exports,
and reducing environmental impacts of horticulture.
3. LOW INCOME ECONOMIES
3.1. ASIAN VEGETABLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER (AVRDC)
(Excerpted from a written statement by Dr. Samson Tsou, Director General,
AVRDC. Read Dr. Tsou's statement in its entirety on the WWW site.)
Research Needs and Expectations:
Double vegetable production while using less land, water, fertilizers and
pesticides.
Incorporate nutritional objectives into production systems to address alarming
micro nutrient malnutrition.
Enhance the nutritional well-being and raise the incomes of poor people
in the rural and urban areas of developing countries through improved methods
of vegetable production, marketing, and distribution while taking into account
the need to preserve the quality of the environment.
To meet these needs, the near-term objectives are:
the conservation and characterization of genetic resources and their use
to develop improved varieties;
generation of new knowledge and technological innovations for increased
productivity of vegetables, with particular attention to sustainability
and the prudent use of inputs;
strengthening national vegetable research capacity in the developing countries
through information services, training, and collaborative research.
The following statement by Dr. Tsou is very important because it addresses
interactions that must occur between consumers, growers, public and private
research organizations, and markets:
| |
"AVRDC's success is heavily dependent on collaborative relationship
among a wide range of institutions, including other international
agricultural research centers (IARC), regional agencies, and advanced
research laboratories. We see the comparative advantage, the mutual
complementarities, and the strength of industry-based research and
believe that in the years to come a better division of labor between
IARC and NARS, including the public sector and private sector, especially
indigenous local industries, is in the interest of us all. Our partnerships
with NARS involve participatory approaches in the identification
of major production constraints, breeding and selection, design
of production systems or resistant management strategies, and human
resources development.
The applications of technologies developed, however, will be
heavily dependent on the commitment of respective governments for
strengthening the infrastructure and regulations which will serve
as the base for a vegetable industry.
As an R&D organization, we cannot ignore the need for input
from the private sector. Forging the AVRDC and private sector partnership
would promote the most effective use of limited resources for the
development of indigenous agri-food industries and to assist the
developing world to strengthen the needed service industries for
vegetable production, handling, and marketing. However, there are
certain policy issues needed to be ironed out so as to optimize
the partnership. There is a worldwide drive to strengthen the intellectual
property rights (IPR) over improved materials and cutting-edge technologies,
as well as the non-IPR over genetic resources. They are in fact
forcing a restructuring of the relations between the private sector,
the public sector, and IARC. The ability of negotiating and protecting
IPR to ensure that NARS in the developing world have access to improved
plant materials and cutting-edge technologies might be necessary."
|
|
3.2. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
(Excerpts from contributions by Dr. N. Murthi Anishetty, Senior Officer,
Plant Genetics Resources Group.)
Dr. Anishetty listed three research needs which apply to developed, as well
as developing, countries:
Development and commercialization of under-utilized species, together with
sustainable management practices, and appropriate post harvest processing
and methods for improving market opportunities.
Perfection of low-cost and reliable techniques for long-term conservation
of vegetatively propagated species, and
Development of methods for surveying and assessing the intra- and infra-specific
diversity of horticultural crops. This information is important for building
public support for strengthening national research programs and preserving
biological diversity.
3.3. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IFPRI)
(Excerpted from an interview
with Dr. Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Director General, and Dr. Nurul Islam, Research
Fellow Emeritus.)
With a research mission
geared to the specific objective of reducing hunger and malnutrition, IFPRI
sees the following as the most important needs and expectations for horticultural
research.
Breeding digestible
micro nutrients especially iron, zinc, and vitamin K into vegetables and
fruits.
The green revolution
must be extended to pulses, horticultural crops, and other crops that were
displaced by the high yielding grains. This is to bring nutritional quality
back into balance with quantity.
Consideration of the
whole seed to market chain in planning research projects. In the past research
leading to improved production has, in reality, often failed because end
product storage, shipping, marketing, etc. were not considered. Growers
the world over are entrepreneurs and will grow the business if the entire
chain is in place. Provide markets.
Phytosanitary issues
are big especially if the markets are export. Research is needed to understand
food contamination, and quick tests and efficacious decontamination methods
must be developed to ease export restrictions.
Social scientists must
research acceptable solutions to intellectual property rights issues so
that research progress is not impeded while farmers and countries of origin
are justly compensated.
Development and application
of sustainable production methods will probably be most important in developing
countries where issues of poverty, low agricultural productivity, and natural
resource degradation are inseparable.
3.4. INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP)
-(Excerpted from the CIP Medium-Term Plan 1998-2000; the strategic overview
chapter of the plan is on the www site.)
-The CIP has done an excellent job of prioritizing the needs and expectations
for research on potato and sweetpotato:
-Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight
-Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt
-Control of Potato Viruses
-Integrated Management of Potato Pests
-Propagation of Clonal Potato Planting Materials
-Sexual Propagation of Potato (TPS)
-Postharvest Utilization of Potato
-Control of Sweetpotato Viruses
-Integrated Management of Sweetpotato Pests
-Propagation of Sweetpotato Planting Materials
-Postharvest Utilization of Sweetpotato
-Breeding for High Dry Matter in Sweetpotato
-Potato Production in Rice-Wheat Systems
-Sustainable Land Use in the Andes
| |
"CIP's plan for this time period includes a research agenda
updated to reflect important changes taking place among its commodities
within the global marketplace. In general, globalization of the
marketplace is seen as offering important opportunities for CIP
collaboration and investment, albeit within circumscribed environmental
parameters. As potato production continues its dramatic 30-year
expansion in developing countries--and as economic liberalization
encourages foreign industry to enter LDC markets--there is a concurrent
need to develop environmentally friendly production systems capable
of overcoming numerous yield-reducing factors. Such systems will
encompass a wide range of genetically enriched varieties grown in
fields where farmers practice integrated management of nutrients,
pests, and diseases. CIP's plan also calls for the development of
technologies that provide producers with access to more diversified
markets and, at the same time, protect endangered upper watersheds." |
|
Because of the high rates of return from previous CIP investments in pest
and disease management, IPM research figures prominently in the Center's
research agenda. The top research priority will be to meet the challenges
posed by new forms of the late blight fungus affecting potato. The second
priority is bacterial wilt, the second most important potato disease in
developing countries.
In the case of sweetpotato, the Center will use high-dry-matter accessions
to improve varieties targeted for use in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (project
13). The principal objective of this research--as identified in the most
recent priority-setting exercise--is to provide high-dry-matter cultivars
suitable for consumption and for use as feed, starch, and flour.
Other areas of emphasis are genetic conservation and enhancement, continuing
to build and work with partnerships (although mention is made that many
partners have suffered devastating budget cuts) and natural resource management.
Contributors
Working Group 3
| Abbott, John D. |
Ph: |
(515) 223-6217 |
| Technical Manager |
Fax:< |
(515) 223-4599 |
| Herbicide Products Business Unit |
email: |
<john.abbott@cp.novartis.com> |
| NOVARTIS CROP PROTECTION |
|
|
| 1501 - 50th Street, Suite 150 |
|
|
| West Des Moines, IA 50266 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Anishetty, N. Murthi |
Ph: |
52254652 |
| Senior Officer |
Fax: |
52256347/52253152 |
| Plant Genetic Resources Group |
email: |
<Murthi.Anishetty@fao.org> |
| Plant Production and Protection Division |
|
|
| Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |
|
|
| Room: C-708 |
|
|
| Viale delle Terme di Caracalla |
|
|
| 00100 Rome, Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chadha, K.L. |
Ph: |
91 11-578-4877 |
| Horticulture Department, ICAR |
Fax: |
91 11 -576-6420 or -575-1719 |
| Division of Fruits & Horticultural Technology |
email: |
<naas@del2.vsnl.net.in> |
| IARI, New Delhi-110 012, India |
|
|
|
|
|
| Coleman, Robert G. |
Ph: |
(407) 862-0260 |
| Agricultural/Horticultural Public Relations |
Fax: |
(407) 862-0260 |
| Coleman Communications, Inc. |
email: |
|
| 326 Sabal Park Place #100 |
|
|
| Longwood, FL 32779 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cuartero, Jesus |
Ph: |
34-52-552656 |
| Estacion Experimental la Mayora |
Fax: |
34-52-552677 |
| 29750 Algarrobo-Costa |
email: |
<cuartero@eelm.csic.es> |
| Malaga, Spain |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dixon.Geoff |
Ph: |
44 - (0) 1563-830251 |
| GreenGene Int. |
Fax: |
44 - (0) 1563-830251 |
| University of Strathclyde |
email: |
<113541.1364@compuserve.com> |
| Helenton Mote, Symington By - Ayr |
|
|
| Kilmamock, Ayshire |
|
|
| KA1 5PP, Scotland, UK |
|
|
|
|
|
| Erez, Amnon |
Ph: |
972-3-9683392 |
| Institute of Horticulture |
Fax: |
972-3-9669583 |
| A.R.O. The Volcani Center |
email: |
<vhamnn@volcani.agri.gov.il> |
| P.O. Box 6 |
|
|
| Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel |
|
|
|
|
|
| Galante, Ennio |
Ph: |
39-2-23699-425 |
| Professor, Observatory on Agricultural |
Fax: |
39-2-23699-411 |
| Research - CNR |
email: |
<galante@icm.mi.cnr.it> |
| Via Bassini, 15 |
|
|
| 20133 Milan, Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gunawan, Livy Winata |
Ph: |
62-251-323081 ext. 262 |
| Horticulturist/Plant Biotechnologist |
Fax: |
62-251-622202 |
| Department of Agronomy |
email: |
|
| Faculty of Agriculture |
|
|
| Bogor Agricultural University |
|
|
| Jalan Raya Pajajaran |
|
|
| Bogor 16143, Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ing, George |
Ph: |
(541) 386-1008 |
| Manager |
Fax: |
(541) 386-1177 |
| Washington Tree Fruit |
email: |
|
| Research Commission |
|
|
| P.O. Box 1009 |
|
|
| White Salmon, WA 98672-1009 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Jensen, Merle.H. |
Ph: |
(520) 621-5243 |
| Assoc. Director, Ag Experiment Station |
Fax: |
(520) 621-7196 |
| Assistant Dean, Sponsored Research |
email: |
|
| College of Agriculture, Forbes Bldg, Rm 306 |
|
|
| University of Arizona |
|
|
| Tucson, AZ 85721 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Lawson, Roger H. |
Ph: |
(301) 504-5912 |
| National Program Leader |
Fax: |
(301) 504-5467 |
| Horticulture and Sugar Crops |
email: |
|
| Beltsville Agricultural Research Center |
|
|
| USDA/Agricultural Research Service |
|
|
| Beltsville, MD 20705 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Lee, Jung-Mtung |
Ph: |
|
| Professor in Horticulture |
Fax: |
82-331-202-1740 |
| Kyung Hee University |
email: |
<jmlee@nms.kyunghee.ac.kr> |
| V.P. of the Korean Society for |
|
|
| Horticultural Science |
|
|
|
|
|
| Manuwoto, Sjafrida |
Ph: |
62-251-326429 or 323081 ext. 271 |
| Dean, Faculty of Agriculture |
Fax: |
62-251-312032 |
| Bogor Agricultural University |
email: |
<pertaipb@server.indo.net.id> |
| Fakultas Pertanian IPB |
|
|
| Jl. Raya Pajajaran |
|
|
| Bogor 16143, Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Martinelli, Alessio |
Ph: |
39-533-399431 or 39-335-6370981 |
| Professor, Observatory on Agricultural |
Fax: |
39-533-399441 |
| Research - CNR |
email: |
<amartinelli@unacoa.it> |
| CIV. Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti |
|
|
| Via Romea 116, |
|
|
| 44020 S. Giuseppe di Comacchio |
|
|
| (Ferrara), Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
| McLaughlin, Ed |
Ph: |
(607) 255-3169 |
| Professor of Marketing |
Fax: |
(607) 255-4776 |
| Cornell University |
email: |
|
| Ithaca, NY |
|
|
|
|
|
| Means, Kathy |
Ph: |
(302) 738-7100 |
| Vice President |
Fax: |
(302) 731-2409 |
| Produce Marketing Association |
email: |
<www.pma.com> |
| P.O. Box 6036 |
|
|
| Newark, DE 19714-6036 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Moulton, Kirby |
Ph: |
(510) 642-5449 |
| Department of Agricultural |
Fax: |
(510) 643-3075 |
| and Resource Economics |
email: |
<moulton@are.berkeley.edu> |
| University of California |
|
|
| 207 Giannini Hall |
|
|
| Berkeley, CA 94720 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Park, Kuen Woo |
Ph: |
82-2-920-1338 |
| Dept. of Horticultural Science |
Fax: |
82-2-929-5317 or 921-2891 |
| Korea University |
email: |
<kuenwp@kuccnx.korea.ac.kr> |
| 136-701, Seoul, Korea |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |
Ph: |
(202) 862-5633 |
| Director General |
Fax: |
(202) 467-4439 |
| International Food Policy |
email: |
<P.PINSTRUP-ANDERSEN@cgnet.com> |
| Research Institute |
|
|
| 1200 - 17th Street, NW |
|
|
| Washington, DC 20036-3006 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Popple, Sue |
Ph: |
171-921-1174 |
| Head, Horticulture Science |
Fax: |
171-921-1167 |
| Agriculture and Food Technology Div. |
email: |
<k.l.lang@aftd.maff.gov.uk> |
| Chief Scientists Group |
|
|
| Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food |
|
|
| Room 653, St. Christopher House |
|
|
| Southwark Street |
|
|
| London SE1 0UD, England |
|
|
|
|
|
| Possingham, John V. |
Ph: |
61-8-8272-3406 |
| Chair, Viticulture Section |
Fax: |
61 8-8272-3406 |
| Int. Society for Horticultural Science |
email: |
<possingham@esc.net.au> |
| P.O. Box 273 |
|
|
| Adelaide, Australia 5001 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sass, Pál |
Ph: |
36-1/166-4005 |
| Prof. Dr. |
Fax: |
36-1/166-5049 |
| Chairman, Hungarian National |
email: |
<rekt@hoya.kee.hu> |
| Committee of ISHS |
|
|
| University of Horticulture and Food |
|
|
| H-1118 Budapest |
|
|
| Villányi út 29-43, Hungary |
|
|
|
|
|
| Seager, Nicky |
Ph: |
64-6 354-9289 (2/27/98) |
| 20 Haast Place |
Fax: |
|
| Palmerston North |
email: |
<nandn@xtra.co.nz> (2/27/98 |
| New Zealand |
|
|
|
|
|
| Spharim, I. |
Ph: |
972-3-9683392 |
| Institute of Horticulture |
Fax: |
972-3-9669583 |
| A.R.O. TheVolcani Center |
email: |
|
| P.O. Box 6 |
|
|
| Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sulzberger, Edward W. |
Ph: |
51-1 349-5619 |
| Senior Advisor |
Fax: |
51-1 349-5632 |
| Office of the Director General |
email: |
<e.sulzberger@cgnet.com> |
| International Potato Center |
|
|
| Apartado 1558 |
|
|
| Lima 12, Peru |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tsou, Samson C.W. |
Ph: |
886-6 583-7801 Ext. 101 |
| Director General |
Fax: |
886-6 583-0009 |
| Asian Vegetable Research & Dev. Center |
email: |
<cstsou@netra.avrdc.org.tw> |
| P.O. Box 42 |
|
|
| Shanhua, Tainan |
|
|
| 74199 Taiwan |
|
|
| Republic of China |
|
|
|
|
|
| van Oosten, Henk J. |
Ph: |
31-70-378-5727 |
| Natl. Council for Agric. Research (NRLO) |
Fax: |
31-70-378-6149 |
| Postbus 20401 |
email: |
<h.j.van.oosten@nrlo.agro.nl> |
| 2500 EK den Haag |
|
|
| The Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
| Weerts, J. |
Ph: |
32-2-206.73.09 or 72.11 |
| Director Assistant |
Fax: |
32-2-206.75.53 or 75.35 |
| Ministere des Classes Moyennes |
email: |
|
| et de L'Agriculture |
|
|
| Manhattan Office Tower |
|
|
| Avenue du Boulevard, 21 |
|
|
| 1210 Brussels, Belgium |
|
|
|
|
|
| Williams, Rob J. |
Ph: |
44-1491 832111 |
| CAB International |
Fax: |
44-1491 833508 |
| Wallingford, Oxon |
email: |
<R.WILLIAMS@cabi.org> |
| OX10 8DE, United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
| Young, Eric |
Ph: |
(919) 515-2717 |
| Assistant Director |
Fax: |
(919) 515-7745 |
| NC Agricultural Research Service |
email: |
<eric_young@ncsu.edu> |
| North Carolina State University |
|
|
| Raleigh, NC 27695 |
|
|
© WCHR
|
