|
|
|
|
 |
 |
|
|
|
|
Green-Seeds.com
Fruits
& Others
|
|
|
DURIAN
Local/Malay Name : Durian
Scientific Name : Durio zibethinus Murr
THE TREE
The durian is a tall tree towering as high as 40m in the jungle rainforest
or in semi-orchard. Seed trees may take 8-10 years to fruit. A grafted
durian tree assumes a christmas tree habit and grows to 15 - 20m tall.
The fruit is green to brown in colour, pendulous, round to oblong in shape
and is completely covered with strong sharp thorns. It is a capsule which
splits into five parts when ripe and each segment contains brown seeds
covered with thick, firm, creamy, yellow pulp with an overpowering aroma.
The durian is native to Malaysia and Indonesia. In Malaysia about 50%
of the total production is from Johore and Perak.
CULTIVARS
There are more than 100 clones available in the country out of which
only a small number is utilized by the farmer.
|
Clone
|
Popular
Name
|
Origin
|
Characteristics
|
|
D24
|
-
|
Bukit
Merah Reservoir, Perak
|
It
is oval in shape, of average size, weighing between 1 - 2.8kg. per
fruit. The skin is green to brownish green and the thorns are sharp
and thin. The flesh is yellow, thick and sweet.
|
|
D99
|
Kop
|
Thailand
|
The
fruit is round and of average size weighing between 1 - 2kg. per
fruit. The skin is green to brownish green and the thorns are short
and sharp. The flesh is fairly thick yellow, soft and sweet.
|
|
D123
|
Chanee
|
Thailand
|
The
fruit is oval in shape and big weighing between 2 - 4kg. per fruit.
The skin is green to rust colour and the thorns are big. The flesh
is golden yellow, thick, soft and sweet.
|
|
D145
|
Berserah
Durian/ Mek Durian/ Green Durian
|
Beserah,
Kuantan, Pahang
|
Average
size weighing between 1 - 2kg. per fruit. It is round and nippled
at the end. The thorns are long and closely packed and the skin
is green. The flesh is golden yellow, soft and sweet.
|
|
D158
|
Kan
Yau
|
Thailand
|
Average
size weighing between 2 - 4kg. per fruit. The skin is brownish green
and the fruit is oval in shape and can be as long as 15 - 17cm.
The flesh is golden yellow and sweet.
|
|
D159
|
'Man
Thong'/ Golden Pillow
|
Thailand
|
The
fruit is large and can reach a weight of 4 - 6kg. per fruit. The
fruit is long and oval in shape and curves at the end. The thorns
are brownish while the flesh is golden yellow, thick and sweet.
|
|
D169
|
-
|
Kelantan
|
Average
size fruit between 1 - 2kg. each. Longish oval shape with yellowish
green skin and sharp thorns. The flesh is yellow, thick and soft
with a bitter sweet taste.
|
SOIL AND WEATHER REQUIREMENTS
 The durian being a tropical
fruit thrives well in humid climate. A warm and moist condition is ideal.
The best temperature range is from 25oC - 30oC. However, durian cannot tolerate
a prolanged dry period and ideally, an evenly distributed rainfall of between
1,500 to 2,000 mm per annum is best suited for durian.
Durians do best on deep,
loamy, well-drained soils, high in organic matter. Peaty or sandy and poorly
drained soils should be avoided since the root system is very sensitive
to standing water and are conducive to proliferation of durian disease.
A pH range of 6 - 7 is ideal. Gently sloping to flat terrain is most suitable
for durian cultivation.
PROPOGATION
Durian is normally propogated
by budding. In this method the rootstocks from selected seeds of available
fruits are first planted in polythene bags. The seedling rootstocks are
allowed to reach about half a meter tall with stem size of 1 cm before they
are ready for budding. Four month old seedlings are ideal because they permit
good scion growth after the union. Newly budded seedlings should be kept
under a 75% shade graduating to 50% shade just before replanting.
The planting holes have
a spacing at about 11 x 11m and the holes are 60cm in diameter and 60cm
in depth. Into each hole is place rock phosphate (CIRP) and composted animal
manure before transplanting. The durian seedlings are sensitive to sunlight
and temporary shading should be provided for 6 months after transplanting.
Proper irrigation reduces mortality.
FERTILIZER
Durian seedlings require consistent and steady supply of plant nutrients.
For the first five years a ratio of 15:15:6:4 (N:K:P:Mg) is given annually.
From the sixth year onwards a ratio of 12:12:17:2+TE (N:P:K:Mg) is recommended.
WEEDING
As durian is a surface feeder, care should be taken during weeding to
ensure the roots are not damaged. Mulching to control weeds around the
plant is helpful. This also helps to maintain soil moisture.
PRUNING
Trees are pruned to preserve their health to obtain a desired canopy
shape and to enhance production of fruits. The operation consists of the
removal of dead, broken or diseased branches and water shoots. This is
normally done after the first fruiting season. Pruning permits free circulation
of air and allows penetration of sunlight through the canopy.
PESTS AND DISEASES
The most serious pest
of the durian is the fruit borer, which at the larval stage, bores into
and feeds on the fruit. Application of recommended insecticide such as BHC
is encouraged. Another pest is the leaf cutter which can seriously defoliate
young and older trees.
Patch canker is the
most serious disease. Affected trees show bark decay, gummosis of the collar
and stem collars causing dieback of branches. The whole plant may eventually
die and infect other plants. Control is mainly cultural by providing good
drainage, removal of vegetation around the trunk and use of resistant root
stocks. Affected trees are treated by painting or spraying Ridomil, a systemic
fungicide.
HARVESTING
Budded durians normally start bearing fruit from the fifth year after
planting. Durians generally bear one crop a year but may crop twice a
year if influenced by the right conditions. Normally durian fruits are
allowed to drop when they are fully ripe. However the fruits may be harvested
from the tree, as is a common practice in Thailand. The variety D24 may
be harvested from 105 - 110 days after anthesis. By harvesting, not only
is the taste much better, but the shelf life could be extended to 9 -
11 days compared to 3 - 4 days when allowed to drop from tree. The harvested
fruit is fully ripe when the penduncle splits at the point of obseission.
YIELD
Initial yield may be 10 - 40 fruits for the first year of fruiting to
about 100 fruits for the sixth year. Yield of up to 200 fruits is common
after the 10th year of fruiting.
USES
Fresh consumption Processed products: Durian cake, flavouring and confectionery,
durian powder.
NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION
|
Components
|
Pr
100gm edible portion
|
|
Food energy
|
153.0 calories
|
|
Moisture
|
64.1 g
|
|
Protein
|
2.6 g
|
|
Fat
|
3.4 g
|
|
Carbohydrate
|
27.9 g
|
|
Minerals
|
103.9 g
|
|
Beta-Carotene
|
140.0 mg
|
|
Vitamin B1
|
0.1 mg
|
|
Vitamin B2
|
0.13 mg
|
|
Vitamin C
|
23.2 mg
|
PRODUCTION / EXPORT
In 1992, 426,381 tonnes of durian was produced in Malaysia and 26,786
tonnes was exported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Green - Seeds Co., Ltd.
81/10B Ho Van Hue Street, Phu Nhuan District, Ward 9, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: +84 (8) 847 6901 - Fax: +84 (8) 844 1392 - Email: info@green-seeds.com
|
|
|
