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publications & research
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HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH (update 25.7.00) |
Dr. S.M. Monowar Hossain
Chief Scientific Officer,
Olericulture Division,
Horticulture Research Centre,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701,
Bangladesh.
|
Bangladesh Profile
 Bangladesh is located
in the North-eastern part of South Asia, stretching between 200 34' and
260 38' North latitude and between 880 01' and 920 41' East longitude. It
has a land mass of 143999 km2 with a population of about 118 million. The
country is small but has diverse ecosystems like hills, planes, coastal
and wet lands. The climate is mainly tropical. Temperature ranges from 50c
to 280c in winter and from 220c to 400c in the summer. Average rainfall
varies from 1430 mm in the North and North-west to 4338 mm in the East and
South-east. Agriculture is predominant with a cropped area of 13.71 million
hectare and 179% cropping intensity. Agro-ecology of the country is divided
in 30 AEZs (Table 1). High and medium high lands are mostly suitable for
horticultural crops production.
Table 1. Land type, soil and climatic characteristics of all agro-ecological
regions 
AEZ
|
Total soil
|
Land type (%)
|
Climate
|
| No. |
area (ha) |
High |
Medium high |
Medium low & low |
Mean annual temp. (0c) |
Mean annual rainfall (mm) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
373989 |
58 |
34 |
1 |
25.0 |
1750-2500 |
| 2 |
61718 |
2 |
72 |
0 |
24.5 |
1750-2000 |
| 3 |
858956 |
35 |
51 |
5 |
25.5-26.0 |
1750-2100 |
| 4 |
221181 |
23 |
44 |
19 |
25.5-26.0 |
1600-1800 |
| 5 |
81350 |
2 |
8 |
86 |
25.5-26.0 |
1500-1700 |
| 6 |
9027 |
- |
- |
70 |
25.0 |
1400-1500 |
| 7 |
223690 |
5 |
37 |
28 |
24.5-26.5 |
1800-2700 |
| 8 |
518561 |
18 |
42 |
28 |
24.5-26.5 |
1900-2300 |
| 9 |
651010 |
28 |
25 |
27 |
24.5-26.5 |
2000-2500 |
| 10 |
223750 |
12 |
33 |
22 |
25.5-26.0 |
1700-2000 |
| 11 |
1171050 |
43 |
32 |
14 |
25.5-26.0 |
1500-1700 |
| 12 |
703547 |
13 |
29 |
45 |
25.5-26.0 |
1700-2000 |
| 13 |
1399873 |
2 |
78 |
2 |
26.0-26.5 |
2100-2500 |
| 14 |
215706 |
3 |
13 |
80 |
26.0-26.5 |
1750-1900 |
| 15 |
12415 |
- |
- |
86 |
26.5 |
1750-1800 |
| 16 |
113677 |
<1 |
8 |
65 |
25.8-26.5 |
2000-2500 |
| 17 |
66607 |
14 |
28 |
31 |
25.5 |
2400-3100 |
| 18 |
487261 |
<1 |
45 |
7 |
25.5-26.0 |
2500-3400 |
| 19 |
641220 |
2 |
24 |
57 |
25.5-26.0 |
2000-3000 |
| 20 |
398529 |
5 |
25 |
56 |
24.5-25.5 |
Habiganj Dist : 2800-3500 Maulvibazar-Sylhet
: 3500-5000 |
| 21 |
409204 |
<1 |
4 |
85 |
24.5-25.5 |
2800-3500 |
| 22 |
364016 |
33 |
31 |
26 |
24.5-26.0 |
Netrokona Dist : 2700-4000 Sunamganj
Dist : 4000-5500 |
| 23 |
273134 |
17 |
43 |
13 |
25.5-26.0 |
2500-3200 |
| 24 |
788 |
33 |
63 |
2 |
25.5-26.0 |
3200-3300 |
| 25 |
457752 |
30 |
55 |
6 |
25.5-26.0 |
1500-1600 |
| 26 |
150855 |
93 |
1 |
<1 |
25.0-26.0 |
1400-1500 |
| 27 |
100407 |
36 |
56 |
1 |
25.4-25.5 |
1600-1750 |
| 28 |
381512 |
56 |
18 |
16 |
24.5-25.5 |
1750-2000 |
| 29 |
1726785 |
92 |
2 |
1 |
24.5-25.5 |
2400-3000 |
| 30 |
10654 |
55 |
11 |
28 |
25.5 |
2400-2500 |
Two cropping seasons
are recognized, rabi (cool and dry months : October-March) and kharif (hot
and humid months : April-September). More crops are grown in rabi because
of favorable climate
Horticultural Crops
Area And Production
Bangladesh is blessed
with many horticultural crops. More than 90
vegetables, 60 fruits and 25
spices are being grown in the country (Appendix-1).
Major vegetables include potato, tomato, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower,
aroids, pumpkin, bottle gourd, cucumber, pointed gourd, bitter ground, hyacinth
bean and yard long bean. In case of fruits, banana, pineapple, papaya, jackfruit,
mango, guava, lemons, pummelo, litchi and jujube are important. Major spice
crops are chilly, onion, garlic, turmeric and ginger. Flowers and ornamental
plants including orchids are innumerable and their statistics on number
and extent of cultivation/ production are not available. Some of the popular
flowers are rose, gladiolus, tube rose, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold,
night jasmines and belly. The total cultivated area of horticultural crops
is about 0.69 million hectare which is about 5% of the total cropped area
(BBS 1996). Area, production and yield of vegetables, fruits, spices, potato
and sweet potato are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Area, production and yield of vegetables, fruits, spices, potato
and sweet potato
Crops
|
Area (000 ha)
|
Production (000 ton)
|
Yield (t/ha)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vegetables |
192
|
1244
|
6.29
|
| Fruits |
181
|
1488
|
8.24
|
| Spices |
144
|
304
|
2.12
|
| Potato |
132
|
1442
|
10.92
|
| Sweet potato |
45
|
435
|
9.67
|
| Total |
694
|
4913
|
-
|
Source : BBS, 1995-96
Growth analysis of different horticultural crops during the period from
1984-85 to 1995-96 revealed that the area under sweet potato and spices
has been decreasing whereas potato, vegetables and fruits acreage shows
increasing trend. Production and yield of all horticultural crops have an
increasing trend (Table 3). However, growth rate of some crops is shown
in Appendix 2.
Table 3. Growth analysis of potato, sweet potato, vegetables, fruits and
spices crops (1984-85 to 19995-96)
Sl. No.
|
Crops
|
Area
|
Production
|
Yield
|
| 1. |
Potato |
2.113 |
3.040 |
0.903 |
| 2. |
Sweet potato |
-2.479 |
7.420 |
1.481 |
| 3. |
Summer vegetables |
3.833 |
4.470 |
0.520 |
| 4. |
Winter vegetables |
2.394 |
2.885 |
0.708 |
| 5. |
Fruits |
1.217 |
0.393 |
0.841 |
| 6. |
Spices |
-0.012 |
0.680 |
0.698 |
Horticultural Organisations
A. Research Institutes
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) : Research on horticultural
crops is the domain of public organisation. BARI has the national mandate
to conduct research on horticultural crops in the areas of breeding, production
techniques, pest management, soil and water management, biotechnology, post-harvest
technology, marketing and economics of the produce. All the research programs
of horticultural crops of BARI are carried out mainly by its three centers
namely Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Tuber Crops Research Centre (TCRC)
and Spices Research Centre (SRC). Manpower along with budget provision and
physical infrastructures of different centers are presented in Tables 4
and 5 respectively.
a) HRC was established in 1989 with its head quarter at Joydebpur and four
Regional Centres (Organogram Appendix 3). ADB and FAO/UNDP
provided financial support besides Government of Bangladesh in establishing
the centre. The centre is headed by Director. It is responsible for the
improvement of yield and quality of fruits, vegetables, flower and ornamentals
through research and participation in their development activities. At present
laboratories are being equipped with modern equipments and computers.
Table 4. Manpower and budget provision of different centre of BARI
Centre
|
Research
|
Technical
|
Administration
|
Research Funds
|
| |
Number
|
Salary (mill $) *
|
Number
|
Salary (mill $)
|
Number
|
Salary (mill $)
|
(mill $)
|
| HRC |
152
|
0.300
|
185
|
0.201
|
109
|
0.114
|
0.128
|
| TCRC |
37
|
0.04
|
45
|
0.04
|
50
|
0.043
|
0.23
|
| SRC |
21
|
0.038
|
15
|
0.01
|
19
|
0.003
|
0.092
|
* Salary for 1995-96
b) TCRC was established in 1986 under BARI renaming of Potato Research Centre.
It received its financial support from Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA) under the Crop Diversification Programme. The main thrust
of this centre is to undertake research on potato, sweet potato and aroids
for their higher yield and better quality. The centre is headed by a Director
and supported by 37 scientists. Its headquarter is at Joydebpur but other
research stations are at Debiganj, Munshiganj, Jamalpur, Pahartali, Jessore
and Bogra. Activities of the centre are also carried out at the laboratories
on tissue culture, pest management and post harvest technology.
Table 5. Physical infrastructures of different centre of BARI
Centres
|
Laboratory
|
Farm
|
Net/Mist house
|
Post harvest/Seed storage
|
| |
No.
|
Size (m2)
|
No.
|
Total Area (ha)
|
No.
|
Size (m2)
|
No.
|
Size (m3)
|
| HRC |
12
|
1000
|
5
|
100
|
6
|
1000
|
1
|
60
|
| TCRC |
3
|
80
|
6
|
65
|
10
|
1200
|
2
|
20
|
| SRC |
4
|
200
|
8
|
55
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
50
|
HRC = Horticulture Research Centre
TCRC = Tuber Crops Research Centre
SRC = Spices Research Centre
c) SRC was established in 1994 with entire financial support from the Government
of Bangladesh. Improvement of the spice crops production and quality through
research is the primary objective of the centre. Its headquarter is located
in Bogra. The other research stations are situated at Magura, Lalmanirhat,
Jaintapur, Khagrachari, Comilla and Faridpur. The centre is headed by a
Project Director and 21 scientists. Infra-structural facilities development
works are in progress.
International and Regional Co-operation
Research on different horticultural crops is also supported by regional
and international organisations and networks. The Asian Vegetable Research
and Development Centre (AVRDC) has been supporting vegetable research programme
through training, expertise services, financial and logistic support. Further,
the co-operation among the SAARC countries to exchange germplasm, information,
test elite varieties, and resolve vegetables related problems common to
the region is going under the South Asian Vegetables Research Network (SAVERNET)
supported by AVRDC and Asian Development Bank (ADB).
FAO is supporting the breeder's seeds production and their maintenance through
training, developing infrastructure facilities, expertise services under
the project "Strengthening of National Vegetable Program in Bangladesh".
Japanese International Co-operation Agency (JICA) provided support in vegetables
through training, supplying germplasm, laboratory chemicals and equipments,
expertise service under Technical Assistance Program.
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources, India are assisting the Plant Genetic Resources
Centre of BARI for collection and conservation of different horticultural
as well as non-horticultural crops.
BARI is the member of Under Utilised Fruits of Asia Network (UTFANET), Coconut
Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) and International Network for the Improvement
of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP).
CIP has been supporting the TCRC activities for training, collection of
germplasm and exchange of information on potato and sweet potato.
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) is involved in horticultural
crop improvement especially on vegetables through radiation on a limited
scale.
B. Educational Organisations
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and Institute of Post Graduate
Studies in Agriculture (IPSA) conduct research on horticultural crops as
part of their post graduate degree program in horticulture. Some teachers
of the Department of horticulture both at BAU and IPSA have projects on
horticultural crops. Both the organisations have laboratory facilities on
tissue culture, physiology, pest management, research farm, computer services
and library for the faculty and students. JICA and USAID assisted in the
establishment of IPSA and its manpower development.
C. Other organisations
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council encourages horticultural research
through contract research programmes, manpower development, international
linkage and financial support to the institutes.
Involvement of private organisations and NGOs in horticultural crop research
is limited. Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) focuses on screening salt
tolerant vegetable varieties and developing appropriate management techniques
for vegetable production in saline char through its farming system research
and extension programme.
East-West Seed Co. (a joint venture Co.) recently started development of
research farm and other infrastructure in Gazipur to conduct research on
breeding and seed technology of the vegetable crops with commercial motive.
Research Activities
BARI scientists conduct research on various horticultural crops as per programs
approved by the central committee of the institute under the guidance of
Director (Research). The salient features of the programs are as follows
:
I) Genetic resources
- Collection of germplasms from both home and abroad. Priority has
been given on indigenous vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers and orchids
- Evaluation and characterisation of collected germplasms by the respective
crop research centre
- Conservation of seeds for medium term by the centres and long term
at PGRC and in situ conservation of fruit species at different
stations of BARI
- Exchange of germplasms both at national and international level.
II) Crop improvement
Most of the vegetables, fruits and spices grown in Bangladesh are low yielding
and susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, emphasis
has been given on :
- Introduction of improved varieties/hybrids of vegetables, fruits,
spices and potato through trials at different AEZs
- Development of improved varieties of tomato, brinjal, cucurbits,
cauliflower and radish for kharif and rabi seasons through conventional
breeding
- High priority to develop varieties resistant to bacterial wilt, shoot
and fruit borer (brinjal), virus in okra, tomato, chilli, bacterial
wilt in tomato
- Development of improved varieties of onion, chilli through hybridisation
and selection. Clonal selection of ginger and turmeric
- Development of F1 hybrids in brinjal, tomato, watermelon,
bottle gourd and other cucurbits where seed production is not difficult
and expensive
- Hybridisation of mango, coconut and litchi
- Clonal selection of commercial fruit species/varieties
- Regional performance trial of selected promising lines of different
horticultural crops
- Variety development from True Potato Seed progenies
- Hybridisation of sweet potato and development of sweet potato variety
- Clonal selection of aroids.
III) Crop propagation
Crop propagation is constrained by the absence of appropriate technology
to produce good quality vegetative propagules and seed/seedlings. The research
programme focuses :
- Improvement of vegetative propagation techniques (eg. Grafting, budding)
of important commercial as well as newly released varieties of fruits
- Standardisation of techniques in budding of jujube, stone graftings
of mango and veneer grfting of jackfruit
- Selection of root stock and compatibility studies of scion and stock
in citrus fruits
- Production of seedlings/sapling's with better management of nursery
- Improvement of seed production techniques of the newly released varieties
- Maintenance of vigour and viability of seeds in processing and storage
- True Potato Seed (TPS) production techniques
IV) Crop production
Any crop production whether vegetable or fruit requires an integrated technology
system from planting to harvesting to maximise yield and quality. Multidisciplinary
approach has been made to develop such a technology system. Crop production
research program thus provides priority on the following areas :
- Soil health improvement through integrated nutrient management
- Recommendation for well balanced use of fertilisers and micro-nutrients
where deficiency is acute
- Efficient use of irrigation water and improvement of drainage system
of major horticultural crops
- Development of vegetables based cropping systems such relay cropping
and inter-cropping
- Improvement of agronomic techniques such planting time, plant geometry
etc.
- Use of growth regulators in promoting flower (eg. pineapple, potato),
better fruit set (summer tomato) and sex modification (teasle grourd,
cucumber)
- Production techniques on off season vegetables like tomato and cauliflower
during summer-rainy season under polythene using hormone
- Development of year round vegetable production model for home garden.
V) Crop protection
Horticultural crops need protection from diseases, insects, weeds and air
pollutants. Some of the major diseases are bacterial wilt (tomato, brinjal)
anthracnose (chilli, beans, mango, guava), powdery mildew (cucurbits), purple
blotch (onion), virus (okra, tomato, citrus, beans, potato), blight (potato,
aroids), soft rot (cabbage, cauliflower, jackfruit), bud rot in coconut.
The major insects are fruit and shoot borer (brinjal, pumpkin), fruit fly
(cucurbits), aphids (beans and cole crops), leaf hoppers (mango) and fruit
weevil (mango, banana), fruit borer weevil (jackfruit), leaf miners (citrus,
tomato) and thrips. Malformation in mango, papaya, blossom end rot in tomato
are some of the physiological disorders. Research thrust is being given
on major diseases and insects of important horticultural crops.
Research program on pest management has the following highlights :
- Screening of germplasms especially vegetables and spices against
major disease and insects
- Biology and aetiology of insects
- Identification of diseases and epidemiology
- Trial of different pesticides and botanicals
- Integrated pest management techniques development
- Resurgence study of insects
- Identification of predators and parasitoids
- Biological control of soil borne diseases of potato by Trichoderma
sp.
- Use of sex pheromones in controlling potato tuber moth and sweet
potato weevil
VI) Biotechnology
Bio-technology particularly tissue culture is getting high priority in horticultural
crop multiplication and improvement. Research thrust is focused on :
- Development of micro propagation techniques of jackfruit, litchi,
banana, pummelo, gladiolus, chrysanthemum etc.
- Embryo culture techniques for teasle gourd, watermelon and aroids
- Development of in vitro preservation techniques of vegetatively
propagated horticultural crops and recalcitrant species
- Elimination of virus in potato by meristem culture
- In vitro propagation of potato plants, papaya and mandarin
(from Nuclear seedlings)
- Development of techniques for in vitro maintenance of aroids
VII) Postharvest technology
A substantial amount of horticultural crops like vegetables, fruits, spices
are spoiled every year after harvest due to bacterial and fungal infection
(improper harvesting, curing, packaging, handling during transportation
and storage). Research program on post harvest technology of horticultural
crops provides importance to the following areas :
- Heat processing
- Application of cold temperature
- Fermentation and pickling
- Drying and dehydration
- Concentration
- Extension of shelf life
Fruits namely guava, palmyra palm, hog plum, mango, jackfruit, vegetables
such as potato, tomato, onion, cabbage and flowers like gladiolus, tuberose,
orchids are on the priority list in postharvest research program.
VII) Economics and marketing
The Economics Division of BARI in collaboration with crop research centres
carry out research on various socio-economic issues of horticultural crops
production and marketing. Some highlights of the research programs are :
- Survey on the production status, constraints and marketing of important
horticultural crops
- Documentation of production costs and return of horticultural crops
under different farm categories
- Adoption studies of technology and its impact assessment
- Growth rate (%) and trend analysis of major fruits, vegetables, potato
and spice crops
Research Achievements
Some achievements of different organisations are presented below :
Achievements of BARI
- 3980 vegetables, 303 spices, 20938 root and tuber crops, 602 fruit
germplasms of which 67 grapes had been collected from home and abroad
- 24 vegetables, 5 spices, 12 potato, 7 root crops and 16 fruit varieties
have been developed. Varieties released under different crops are presented
in Table 6.
- Standardise production practices of important horticultural crops
- Off season production of tomato and cauliflower
- Seed production technology package of cabbage, radish, carrot, cauliflower
and potato
- Potato production from true potato seeds
- Vegetative propagation of jackfruit, jujube and carambola
- Harvest index of major mango varieties
- Tissue culture protocol for jackfruit, banana, gladiolus
- Processed products from jackfruit, mango, guava, palmyra palm, tomato,
radish and eggplant
- Control measures of major insectpests and diseases
Table 6. Released varieties of different horticultural crops.
Vegetable
|
Fruits
|
Tuber crops
|
Spices
|
| |
|
|
|
| Tomato-5 |
Mango-2 |
Potato-12 |
Turmeric-2 |
| Radish-2 |
Guava-2 |
Sweet potato-5 |
Onion-1 |
| Brinjal-3 |
Twaikar-1 |
Aroids-2 |
Coriander-1 |
| Garden pea-2 |
Papaya-1 |
|
Black pepper-1 |
| Country bean-2 |
Wax apple-1 |
|
|
| Cabbage-1 |
Longan-1 |
|
|
| Chinese cabbage-1 |
Mandarine-1 |
|
|
| Bottle gourd-1 |
Pummelo-2 |
|
|
| Watermelon-1 |
Coconut-2 |
|
|
| Okra-1 |
Bettle nut-1 |
|
|
| Bush bean-1 |
Sapota-1 |
|
|
| Leafy vegetable-4 |
Litchi-3 |
|
|
Achievements of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture
- Release of winter tomato variety "Bahar"
- Release of two summer tomato varieties
Achievements of Bangladesh Agricultural University
- Established orchard of 47 types jackfruit
- Generated improved production technology of banana
- Standardisation of production technology for different species of
citrus
- Collection and documentation of indigenous potato varieties
- Improved technique of cauliflower seed production
Achievements of Institute of Post Graduate Studies in Agriculture (IPSA)
- IPSA Sheem-1 and IPSA Sheem-2
- IPSA guava
- IPSA ash gourd (high female)
- Protocol to develop roots in thuja plants
- Virus free potato tuberlets production
Future Strategy
The present production of horticultural crops is far below than the requirement.
However, the demand of the crops will increase further by 2010 with the
increase of population (Table 7).
Table 7. Projected population and requirement of vegetables, fruits,
potato and sweet potato
Year
|
Population (million)*
|
Requirements (millions tonnes)**
|
| |
|
Fruits
|
Vegetables
|
Potato
|
Sweet potato
|
|
1995
|
118.99
|
3.04
|
8.67
|
5.43
|
1.09
|
|
1996
|
121.02
|
3.09
|
8.83
|
5.52
|
1.10
|
|
1997
|
123.07
|
3.14
|
8.98
|
5.62
|
1.12
|
|
1998
|
125.17
|
3.20
|
9.14
|
5.71
|
1.14
|
|
1999
|
127.29
|
3.25
|
9.29
|
5.81
|
1.16
|
|
2000
|
129.46
|
3.31
|
9.45
|
5.91
|
1.18
|
|
2001
|
131.27
|
3.35
|
9.58
|
5.99
|
1.20
|
|
2002
|
133.11
|
3.40
|
9.72
|
6.07
|
1.21
|
|
2003
|
134.97
|
3.45
|
9.85
|
6.16
|
1.23
|
|
2004
|
136.86
|
3.50
|
9.99
|
6.24
|
1.25
|
|
2005
|
138.78
|
3.55
|
10.13
|
6.33
|
1.27
|
|
2006
|
140.16
|
3.58
|
10.23
|
6.39
|
1.28
|
|
2007
|
141.57
|
3.62
|
10.33
|
6.46
|
1.29
|
|
2008
|
142.98
|
3.65
|
10.44
|
6.52
|
1.30
|
|
2009
|
144.41
|
3.69
|
10.54
|
6.69
|
1.32
|
|
2010
|
145.86
|
3.73
|
10.65
|
6.65
|
1.33
|
* Projected population cited as per Hossain and Elias (1994). Socio-economic
potential of vegetable crops : Present status and future needs. In AVRDC
Publication No. 94-2430. P. 102.
* Recommended requirement : Vegetables 200 g/person/day, Fruits 70 g/person/day,
Potato 125 g/person/day and Sweet potato 25 g/person/day
So, we have to produce and consume more vegetables, fruits and tuber crops
to meet the dietary requirement. Besides, Bangladesh is also facing different
problems which include depletion of soil fertility, increasing salinity,
decline in groundwater level, outbreak of new insect pests, temperature
rise, heavy rainfall, unprecedented flood, drought among others. Likewise,
human needs are also changing. As a consequence, farmers are asking for
varieties having high yield potentiality, resistant to pests and stress
environment. Consumers prefer high nutritive value, good taste and attractive
crop varieties. Exporters demand crops having high export values. Processing
industries of horticultural crops look for varieties appropriate to their
industry. Therefore, our future challenges will be to generate technology
appropriate to grow crops under different environments and meet the changing
needs of the people as well as industries. Research thrust hence, should
be given in strengthening -
- Plant genetic resource base and their utilisation in crop improvement
- Biotechnology and conventional breeding programme for the development
of varieties and related technologies
- Off season horticultural crops production technologies
- Research on vegetative propagation and seed technologies
- Integrated water, nutrient and pest management for better soil health
and environment
- Technology generation to suit the needs of horticultural crop based
industries and export.
Appendix 1a
FRUITS GROWN IN BANGLADESH
Sl.No.
|
English name
|
Local name
|
Scientific name
|
Family
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.
|
Dessert Banana |
Kola |
Musa spp. |
Musaceae |
|
2.
|
Plantain |
Anazi kola |
Musa sp. |
Musaceae |
|
3.
|
Seeded Banana |
Bichi Kala |
Musa spp. |
Musaceae |
|
4.
|
Mango |
Aam |
Mangifera indica |
Anacardiaceae |
|
5.
|
Cashewnut |
Kajubadam |
Anacardium occidentale |
Anacardiaceae |
|
6.
|
Hogplum |
Deshi Amra |
Spondias mangifera |
Anacardiaceae |
|
7.
|
Golden Apple |
Bilati Amra |
Spondias dulcis |
Anacardiaceae |
|
8.
|
Guava |
Peyara |
Psidium guajava |
Myrtaceae |
|
9.
|
Jamun |
Jam |
Syzygium cuminii |
Myrtaceae |
|
10.
|
Rose Apple |
Golapzam |
Syzygium jambos |
Myrtaceae |
|
11.
|
Wax Apple |
Zamrul |
Eugenia javanica |
Myrtaceae |
|
12.
|
Lemon |
Elachi lebu |
Citrus limon |
Rutaceae |
|
13.
|
Lime |
Kagzi lebu |
C. aurantifolia |
Rutaceae |
|
14.
|
Pummelo |
Batabi lebu |
Citrus grandis |
Rutaceae |
|
15.
|
Wood apple |
Bel |
Aegle marmelos |
Rutaceae |
|
16.
|
Mandarin |
Kamla |
Citrus reticulata |
Rutaceae |
|
17.
|
Satkara |
Satkara |
Citrus macroptera |
Rutaceae |
|
18.
|
Taikar |
Taikar |
Citrus sp. |
Rutaceae |
|
19.
|
Sweet Orange |
Malta |
Citrus sinensis |
Rutaceae |
|
20.
|
Elephant's Foot Apple |
Kodbel |
Feronia limonia |
Rutaceae |
|
21.
|
Coconut |
Narikel |
Cocos nucifera |
Palmae |
|
22.
|
Palmyara Palm |
Taal |
Borassus flabellifer |
Palmae |
|
23.
|
Date Palm |
Khejur |
Phoenix sylvestris |
Palmae |
|
24.
|
Jackfruit |
Kathal |
Artocarpus heterophyllus |
Moraceae |
|
25.
|
Monkey Jack |
Deoa |
Artocarpus lakoocha |
Moraceae |
|
26.
|
Aonla |
Amloki |
Emblica officinalis |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
27.
|
Star Gooseberry |
Arborai |
Phyllanthus distichus |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
28.
|
Lotka |
Lotka |
Baccaurea sapida |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
29.
|
Litchi |
Lichu |
Litchi chinensis |
Sapindaceae |
|
30.
|
Longan |
Ashphal |
Dimocarpus longan |
Sapindaceae |
|
31.
|
Sapota |
Shafada |
Achras zapota |
Sapotaceae |
|
32.
|
Star Apple |
Taroka phal |
Chrvsophyllum cainito |
Sapotaceae |
|
33.
|
Pear |
Nashpati |
Pyrus communis |
Rosaceae |
|
34.
|
Loquat |
Loquat |
Eriobotrya japonica |
Rosaceae |
|
35.
|
River Ebony |
Gab |
Diospyros peregrina |
Ebenaceae |
|
36.
|
Velvety Apple |
Bilati Gab |
Diospyros discolor |
Ebenaceae |
|
37.
|
Persimmon |
Parsimon |
Diospyra kaki |
Ebenaceae |
|
38.
|
Baichi |
Baichi |
Flacourtia indica |
Flacourtiaceae |
|
39.
|
Flacourtia |
Lukluki |
Flacourtia jangomas |
Flacourtiaceae |
|
40.
|
Carambola |
Kamranga |
Averrhoa carambola |
Oxalidaceae |
|
41.
|
Bilimbi |
Bilimbi |
Averrhoa bilimbi |
Oxalidaceae |
|
42.
|
Bullock's Heart |
Ata |
Annona reticulata |
Annonaceae |
|
43.
|
Custard Apple |
Sharifa |
Annona squamosa |
Annonaceae |
|
44.
|
Soursop |
Tak Ata |
Annona mavricata |
Annonaceae |
|
45.
|
Kauphal |
Kauphal |
Garcinia cowa |
Guttiferae |
|
46.
|
Daophal |
Daophal |
Cearcinia xanthochymus |
Guttiferae |
|
47.
|
Pineapple |
Anarash |
Ananas comosus |
Bromiliaceae |
|
48.
|
Jujube |
Kul |
Zizyphus mauritiana |
Rhamnaceae |
|
49.
|
Papaya |
Papay |
Carica papaya |
Caricaceae |
|
50.
|
Avocado |
Avocado |
Persea americana |
Lauraceae |
|
51.
|
Elephant Apple |
Chalta |
Dillenia indica |
Dilleniaceae |
|
52.
|
Fig |
Dumur |
Ficus carica |
Urticaceae |
|
53.
|
Grape |
Angur |
Vitis vinifera / V. labrusca |
Vitaceae |
|
54.
|
Indian Olive |
Jalpai |
Olea europaea |
Oleaceae |
|
55.
|
Karonda |
Karamcha |
Carissa congesta |
Apocynaceae |
|
56.
|
Passion Fruit |
Passion Phal |
Passiflora edulis |
Passifloraceae |
|
57.
|
Phalsa |
Phalsa |
Grewia asiatica |
Tiliaceae |
|
58.
|
Pomegranate |
Dalim |
Punica granatum |
Punicaceae |
|
59.
|
Tamarind |
Tentul |
Tamarindus indica |
Leguminosae |
|
60.
|
Water Chestnut |
Paniphal |
Trapa bicornis |
Onagraceae |
|
61.
|
Macadamia nut |
Macadamia nut |
Macadamia integrifolia |
Proteaceae |
Appendix 1b
VEGETABLES GROWN IN BANGLADESH
Sl.No.
|
English name
|
Local name
|
Scientific name
|
Family
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| 1. |
Cabbage |
Bandhakapi |
Brassica oleracea var. capitata |
Cruciferae |
| 2. |
Cauliflower |
Phul kopi |
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis |
Cruciferae |
| 3. |
Broccoli |
Sabuj phulkopi |
Brassica oleracea var. italica |
Cruciferae |
| 4. |
Kholrabi |
Olkapi |
Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides |
Cruciferae |
| 5. |
Chinese cabbage |
China kapi |
Brassica chinensis |
Cruciferae |
| 6. |
Petsai |
Batisak |
Brassica chinensis |
Cruciferae |
| 7. |
Saishin |
Chinasak |
Brassica parachinensis |
Cruciferae |
| 8. |
Mustard green |
Sarisha sak |
Brassica campestris |
Cruciferae |
| 9. |
Turnip |
Shalgom |
Brassica rapa |
Cruciferae |
| 10. |
Radish |
Mula |
Raphanus sativus |
Cruciferae |
| 11. |
Brussels sprouts |
- |
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera |
Cruciferae |
| 12. |
Water cress |
Shachi |
Nasturtium officinale |
Cruciferae |
| 13. |
Pea |
Motor |
Pisum sativum |
Leguminaceae |
| 14. |
Hyacinth bean |
Seem |
Lablab niger |
Leguminaceae |
| 15. |
String bean |
Barbati |
Vigna sesquipedalis |
Leguminaceae |
| 16. |
French bean |
Jhar seem |
Phaseolus vulgaris |
Leguminaceae |
| 17. |
Winged bean |
Kamranga seem |
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus |
Leguminaceae |
| 18. |
Sword bean |
Makhan seem |
Conavalia ensiformis |
Leguminaceae |
| 19. |
Lima bean |
Rukuri |
Phaseolus limensis |
Leguminaceae |
| 20. |
Vegetable soybean |
Soyabean |
Ghycime max |
Leguminaceae |
| 21. |
Tripatri leaves |
Tripatrishak |
Desmodium trifolium DC |
Leguminaceae |
| 22. |
Yam bean |
Sakalu |
Pachyrrhizus tuberosa |
Leguminaceae |
| 23. |
Sweet gourd |
Misti kumra |
Cucurbita moschata |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 24. |
Bottle gourd |
Lau |
Lagenaria siceraria |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 25. |
Wax gourd |
Chal kumra |
Benincasa cerifera |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 26. |
Cucumber |
Shasha |
Cucumis sativus |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 27. |
Cucumber (short) |
Khira |
Cucumis anguina |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 28. |
Ribbed gourd |
Jhinga |
Luffa acutagula |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 29. |
Sponse gourd |
Dhundul |
Luffa cylindrica |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 30. |
Bitter gourd (small) |
Ucchee |
Momordica charantia |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 31. |
Bitter gourd |
Karala |
Momordica charantia |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 32. |
Teasle gourd |
Kakrol |
Momordica dioica |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 33. |
Palwal |
Patal |
Trichosanthes dioica |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 34. |
Snake gourd |
Chichinga |
Trichosanthes anguina |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 35. |
Squash |
Squash |
Cucurbita pepo |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 36. |
Muskmelon |
Bangi |
Cucumis melo |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 37. |
Snap melon |
Futi |
Cucumis melo |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 38. |
Oriental melon |
Chinar |
Cucumis melo |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 39. |
Watermelon |
Tarmuj |
Citrullus lanatus |
Cucurbitaceae |
| 40. |
Potato |
Alu |
Solanum tuberosum |
Solanaceae |
| 41. |
Brinjal |
Begoon |
Solanum melongena |
Solanaceae |
| 42. |
Tomato |
Tomato |
Lycopersicon esculentum |
Solanaceae |
| 43. |
Sweet pepper |
Misti marich |
Capsicum annuum |
Solanaceae |
| 44. |
Chilli |
Jhal marich |
Capsicum spp. |
Solanaceae |
| 45. |
Okra |
Dherosh |
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench |
Malvaceae |
| 46. |
Rozelle |
Chukur |
Hibiscus sabdariffa |
Malvaceae |
| 47. |
Stem amaranth |
Danta |
Amaranthus lividus |
Amaranthaceae |
| 48. |
Red amaranth |
Lalsak |
Amaranthus gangeticus |
Amaranthaceae |
| 49. |
Spiny amaranth |
Katanotey |
Amaranthus spinosus |
Amaranthaceae |
| 50. |
Leaf amaranth |
Shaknotey |
Amaranthus viridis L. |
Amaranthaceae |
| 51. |
Chanchi |
Chanchi |
Alternanthera sessilis DC |
Amaranthaceae |
| 52. |
Indian spinach (green) |
Puishak (sabuj) |
Basella alba |
Basellacease |
| 53. |
Indian spinach (red) |
Puishak (lal) |
Basella rubra |
Basellacease |
| 54. |
Spinach |
Palongshak |
Spinacia oleracea L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
| 55. |
Beet |
Beet |
Beta vulgaris |
Chenopodiaceae |
| 56. |
Bathua |
Bathua |
Chenopodium album |
Chenopodiaceae |
| 57. |
Helencha |
Helencha |
Enhydra fluctuans |
Compositeae |
| 58. |
Lettuce |
Lettuce |
Lactuca sativa var. capitata |
Compositeae |
| 59. |
Water spinach |
Kalmi |
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk |
Convolvualceae |
| 60. |
Kangkong |
Gimakalmi |
Ipomoea reptans L. |
Convolvualceae |
| 61. |
Sweet potato |
Misti alu |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir |
Convolvualceae |
| 62. |
Carrot |
Gajor |
Daucus carota |
Umbelliferae |
| 63. |
Thankuni |
Thankuni |
Centella japonica L. |
Umbelliferae |
| 64. |
Parseley |
Parseley |
Petorselinum crispum |
Umbelliferae |
| 65. |
Celery |
Celery |
Apium graveolens L. |
Umbelliferae |
| 66. |
White yam |
Matey alu |
Dioscorea alata |
Dioscoreaceae |
| 67. |
Pesta alu |
Pesta alu |
Dioscorea bulbifera |
Dioscoreaceae |
| 68. |
Cassava |
Shimul alu |
Manihot schott |
Euphorbiaceae |
| 69. |
Eddoe |
Mukhikachu |
Colocasia schott |
Araceae |
| 70. |
Taro |
Panikachu |
Colocasia schott |
Araceae |
| 71. |
Tannia |
Dudkachu |
Xanthosoma violaceum |
Araceae |
| 72. |
Tannia |
Moulavikachu |
Xanthosoma atrovirens |
Araceae |
| 73. |
Giant taro |
Mankachu |
Alocasia macrorrhiza |
Araceae |
| 74. |
Elephant foot aroid |
Olkachu |
Amorphophallus campanulatus |
Araceae |
| 75. |
Drumstick |
Sajina |
Moringa oleifera |
Moringaceae |
| 76. |
Plantain |
Kanchkala |
Musa paradisiaca |
Musaceae |
| 77. |
Green papaya |
Papay |
Carica papaya |
Caricaceae |
| 78. |
Bunching onion |
Bunching onion |
Allium fistulosum |
Liliaceae |
| 79. |
Asparagus |
Asparagus |
Asparagus officinalis L. |
Liliaceae |
| 80. |
Sorrel |
Tak palang |
Rumex vasicarious |
Polygonaceae |
| 81. |
Jute leaf |
Patpata |
Corchorus capsularies L. |
Tiliaceae |
| 82. |
Water lily |
Shapla |
Nymphaea stellata |
Nymphaceae |
| 83. |
Giant carandilla |
Sheeta lau |
Passiflora quadrangularis |
Passifloraceae |
| 84. |
Immature jack fruit |
Echar |
Artocarpus integrifolia |
Moraceae |
| 85. |
Baby corn |
Choto bhutta |
Zea mays var. saccharata |
Graminae |
| 86. |
Malencha |
Malencha |
Jussiaea repens L. |
Onagraceae |
| 87. |
Amrul shak |
Amrulshak |
Oxalis europaea Jord |
Oxalidaceae |
| 88. |
Nunia |
Nunia |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Portulaceae |
| 89. |
Fern |
Dhekishak |
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) schott |
Polypodiaceae |
| 90. |
Water plantain |
Shamkala |
Ottelia alismoides |
Hydrocharitaceae |
| 91. |
Lotus |
Padma |
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn |
Nymphaeaceae |
Appendix 1c
SPICES GROWN IN BANGLADESH
Sl.No.
|
English name
|
Local name
|
Scientific name
|
Family
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.
|
Chilli |
Marich |
C. frutescens L. |
Solanaceae |
|
2.
|
Onion |
Piaj |
Allium cepa L |
Liliaceae |
|
3.
|
Garlic |
Rashun |
A. sativum L |
Liliaceae |
|
4.
|
Leek |
Leek |
A. fistulosum L |
Liliaceae |
|
5.
|
Shallot |
Gundhun |
A. ascalonicum Linn |
Liliaceae |
|
6.
|
Ginger |
Aada |
Zingiber officinale L |
Zingiberaceae |
| | | | |
