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Fruits
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Andean Fruits
The author of this chapter is I. Sánchez Vega (National University
of Cajamarca, Peru).
Pepino
(Solanum muricatum)
Botanical name: Solanum muricatum Aiton, S. variegatum
R. & P., S. pedunculatum Roem & Schult, S. guatemalense Hort.
Family: Solanaceae
Common names. English: pepino, sweet cucumber, pear melon; Quechua:
cahum, xachum; Aymara: kachuma; Spanish: pepino, pepino dulce (Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia), mataserrano (central and southern Peru), peramelon
(Canaries)
 The pepino, Solanum
muricatum, originates from the Andean region and has been domesticated
since pre-Hispanic times. At present, it is known only as a cultivated species.
Its names in native languages and representations on various ceramic objects
of the Chimú and Paracas cultures are proof that it was a widespread
and important crop in those days. This was not so during the settlement
or the Republic. During the settlement, the Viceroy Melchor de Navarra,
Count of la Palata,
prohibited consumption of this fruit and gave it the pejorative name of
"mataserrano" (highlander killer). The Spanish word pepino might
have been intended to facilitate the introduction of Cucumis sativus
L. (Cucurbitaceae), a species also known by this name, as the names have
been confused since then. On the northern coast of Peru (in the Virú
and Moche valleys), farmers believe that if pepinos are eaten after drinking
liquor, death may result. Names and beliefs have contributed towards S.
muricatum being grown in small areas and its introduction is still at
the incipient stage. The situation is not the same in the countries where
it has been introduced, however. Commercial crops produced with advanced
technology are known in Chile, New Zealand and the United States (California)
as a result of this fruit's acceptance on North American, European and Japanese
markets.
Uses and applications
The fruit of S. muricatum
is eaten ripe as a refreshing, quenching fruit after physical effort. Herdsmen
of Moche and Virú take pepinos in knapsacks for eating during long
treks through the desert.
Its yellowish white
colour, with speckles and longitudinal lines, and its purple colour in the
ripe state make the fruit attractive. Its smell and taste are pleasant because
of their typical mild aroma and slightly sweet flavour. Its nutritional
value is low but it is recognized for its diuretic properties, probably
because of its high water content (90 percent) and good iodine content,
for which it is recommended for treating goitre. It also contains 7 percent
of carbohydrates and 29 mg per 100 g of vitamin C.
Botanical description
S. muricatum
is a herbaceous plant of a very branching habit and with a woody base. It
has abundant foliage, with simple or pinnate leaves (one to three pairs
of folioles) and elliptical-lanceolate, strigose or glabrous laminae and
folioles. The inflorescence is subterminal with few flowers. The flowers
are pentamerous, the calyx persists on the fruit and the actinomorphous
corolla is 2 cm in diameter and bluish in colour with whitish margins.
The stamens are shorter
than the corolla. the anthers are yellow, connivent and dehiscent through
apical pores. The style emerges slightly in between the anthers. The fruit
is ovoid, conical to subspherical, and it may be with or without seeds.
Phenology. Plants propagated vegetatively grow quickly and
begin to flower four or five months after sowing.
The biological cycle
with this kind of propagation is as follows:
- Cuttings
taking root: this is very quick (10 to 15 days) in damp soil.
- Vegetative
growth: this is manifested by branches and leaves emerging in abundance
and lasts three to 3.5 months.
- Flowering
and fruiting: this is abundant because of the number of branches
and lasts 1.5 to 2.5 months.
- Postharvest
stage: this is a period of rest for the plant during which no branches
or leaves are put out; it is the right time for taking cuttings for
propagation and at the same time for pruning the plant.
- Resprouting:
with greater humidity, the plant begins a new phenological cycle.
Plants propagated by
seed take longer to develop In spite of the fact that the plant is perennial,
growers only avail themselves of two fruiting seasons. since fruit yield
and quality subsequently diminish
The seeds' viability
after removal from the fruit is not known but, in the vegetable gardens
where they are grown, seedlings frequently appear. In the laboratory, seedlings
have been obtained even after 15 to 20 days of seed drying.
Ecology and phytogeography
S. muricatum
is a tropical species of temperate, mountain and coastal climates. In the
Andean region, cultivation takes place in the inter-Andean valleys and on
the western slopes, from 900 to approximately 2800 m. These boundaries are
set within 24°C at the lower limit and 1 8°C at the upper limit,
with an annual precipitation of between 500 and 800 mm. The climatic characteristics
described correspond to the high part of the subtropical dry forest and
the low dry mountain forest or to the high yungas and quechua of Peru. Coastal
cultivation takes place south of lat. 7°S. during the autumn and winter
when the temperature fluctuates between 21 and 17°C and atmospheric
humidity increases as a result of mists and drizzle.
The original cultivation
of S. muricatum extended along the Andes, from southern Colombia
to Bolivia and the Peruvian coast. During the settlement, it was introduced
into Mexico and Central America, where it was known as S guatemalense.
Genetic diversity
The species displays
wide intraspecific variability, which has given rise to the aforementioned
synonymy. Morphological variation is evident in the division of the leaf
lamina (compound and simple), the pubescence of the stems and leaves (glabrous-strigose)
and the shape, colour and consistency of the fruit. A physiological variation
has been detected in the formation of the fruit and seeds, since there are
certain biotypes that produce fruit after pollination and contain fertile
seeds and others which, owing to the sterile pollen, form parthenocarpic
fruit without seeds.
Correlations have not
been established between the characteristics described, and they warrant
specific research. Varieties and forms have been described. As regards varieties,
Protogenum is characterized by compound leaves and Typica by simple leaves.
Within the latter, the form glaberrimum, which has glabrous leaves,
is distinctive.
Related wild species. This is a still undefined aspect. Research
based on interspecific crossings reports S. muricatum with S.
caripense H. & B. ex Dun.,
S. tabanoense Correll and S. trachycarpum Bitt & Sodiro. Of these,
the first is regarded as having greater potential for such genetic affinity
in that fertile hybrids have been obtained. There is less evidence in the
case of' the other species but, in that of S. tabanoense, the origin
of S. muricatum could be southern Colombia and Ecuador, since this
is the natural area of distribution of the species to which it is related.
Known cultivars and centres of diversity. On the sierra of
Cajamarca in Peru, the typical form of S. muricatum is found with
regular frequency, with subspherical fruit, a pressed apex, and in a yellowish
green colour with some purple speckles. On the Peruvian coast, the form
glaberrimum has been found in pure and commercial crops, of which
two cultivars can be distinguished:
Morado listado: This has dark green leaves. suberect branches
and ovoid-conical fruit of variable size. It has a yellowish, very sweet
mesocarp. This is the fruit most valued on the market.
Oreja de burro: This has light-green leaves and long
branches; it is semi-prostrate, has elongated conical, large or medium fruit
with little pigmentation (white pepino) and its mesocarp is sandy white
and less sweet.
The variety Protogenum
has been described in the case of Colombia and Ecuador, where cultivars
are unknown. On the northern coast of Peru, a purple pepino is known, which
is subspherical in shape and very sweet. The growers consulted say it has
disappeared.
Living material needs
to be collected through out the distribution area of S. muricatum
in order to set up a gene bank.
Cultivation practices
Propagation is generally
by cuttings. To prepare the cuttings, healthy, mature branches are selected
and cut at a length of 30 to 35 cm. They are then left in the shade for
two to three days to induce a slight dehydration and encourage rapid rooting.
The soil, with sufficient humidity, is prepared by ploughing in furrows.
After four to five days, the furrow is "cleared", which consists
of breaking up the soil and deepening the furrows to achieve a good infiltration
of water, without waterlogging the ridge. The cuttings are planted 50 cm
apart under damp conditions, on the lower third of the side of the ridge.
The distance between furrows is 80 cm.
Tillage consists of
irrigation, hoeing and earthing up. Irrigation is frequent during the first
few days after sowing and is then carried out at intervals as required.
When the fruit is ripening. irrigation is suspended. Earthing up is carried
out 30 to 35 days after sowing and is used to bury the fertilizer.
In Peru, S. muricatum
is not grown very much commercially and the yield per unit of area is
not known, nor is the extent of its cultivation.
Prospects for improvement
The limitations in the
countries of origin are determined by:
- the "social
marginalization" of the fruit, which is the reason for its low
consumption;
- the underuse
of genetic variability;
- a lack
of commercial techniques;
- inadequate
transportation of the fruit.
However, these limitations
are not factors which definitively prevent extensive cultivation of S.
muricatum. This is one of the native species with the greatest potential
for overcoming its current marginalization, as the availability of fruit
can easily be diversified and the potential for consumption and export widened.
Lines of research
Sustained promotion
of S. muricatum cultivation must be based on a multidisciplinary
research programme that includes:
- botanical explorations within its primary distribution area that make
it possible to recognize the extent of intraspecific variability and
to define the centres of genetic diversity:
- anatomical and morphological, floral biology and cytogenetic research
to interpret ecophysiological behaviour and genetic variability;
- research into phenology and agronomic cultivation techniques in various
ecological areas in order to establish nutritional and health requirements
and yield potential.
The lines of research
must be orientated towards characterizing cultivars and setting up a gene
bank.
The alternate use of
vegetative and sexual propagation must be better exploited. Vegetative propagation
is used to stabilize varietal forms and shorten the biological cycle and
sexual propagation is used to promote genetic diversity.
Tree Tomato
(Cyphomandra betacea)
Botanical names: Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Send.,
C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze, Solanum crassifolium Ortega,
S. betacea Cav.
Family: Solanaceae
Common names. English: tree tomato, tamarillo; Spanish: tomate
de árbol, berenjena, sachatomate, yuncatomate (Peru), limatomate,
tomate de monte, tomate de La Paz (Bolivia, Argentina)
This is
a native species of the Andes whose domestication and cultivation took
place before the discovery of America. In spite of its age, no names are
known in native languages.
Uses and nutritional value
Cyphomandra betacea
is cultivated for its fruit which is a food resource and a potential raw
material for the preserves industry. The peasants attribute to the fruit
medicinal properties for alleviating respiratory diseases and combating
anaemia. The tree tomato contains adequate levels of vitamins A, B6,
C and E and iron.
The fruit is eaten raw
or cooked. In all cases. thc skin is removed as it has a bitter flavour.
When ripe, the fruit is eaten raw as a fruit. More frequently it is eaten
as a dessert of fruit in syrup. The whole pedunculated fruit is cooked for
a short time in water so that the skin can be removed. Honey is then prepared
with cinnamon and cloves, the peeled fruit is added and it is left to boil
until it reaches a suitable consistency.
In the pre-ripe state,
when the fruit takes on an orange colour, it is used in Peru to prepare
a sauce together with Capsicum pubscens R. & P., a variety of large
green pepper. To prepare this, the fruit is lightly grilled, which facilitates
removal of the skin (epicarp). It is then ground with a large green pepper
and salt. This spicy sauce is eaten as an appetizer. In those areas of the
sierra where tomato (Lycopersicon sp.) is not grown, tree tomato
is used to prepare stews, thus replacing tomatoes.
Botanical description
Cyphomandra betacea
is a small tree, growing 2 to 3 m in height, with a single trunk that is
monopodial and branched at a height of 1 to 1.5 m into two or three branches.
The same pattern of ramification is repeated on the branches. The leaves
are cordiform, 17 to 30 cm long, 12 to 19 cm wide, subcarnose and lightly
pubescent on the underside. There is a caulinar inflorescence opposite the
leaf. The flowers are 1.4 cm long. the calyx persists on the fruit, the
corolla is pinkish white and rotate-campanulate with reflexed apices, connivent
stamens that are shorter than the corolla, yellow anthers and is dehiscent
through two apical pores. The style emerges between the anthers. The fruit
is 5 to 7 cm long, ovoid, glabrous, greenish yellow to orange in colour,
with longitudinal markings, and the mesocarp is orange.
Phenology. Apparently
no research has been done on the growth phases of this plant. Consequently,
the following phenological description is an approximation and the result
of field observations and information provided by peasants. Propagation
is most frequently by seed but can also be based on cuttings.
The plant's life is
approximately three to four years and flowering begins eight to ten months
after sowing in the permanent location. The flowering period begins at the
same time as branching of the main stem. The first inflorescence is produced
around the point of branching of the main stem and the following ones at
the end of the branches. around their respective branching. Flowering is
continuous and the number of inflorescences is directly proportionate to
the plant's branching.
The plant is evergreen
and constantly puts out leaves. However, the lower leaves later fall, leaving
the main stem and lower part of the branches leafless.
Ecology and phytogeography
C. betacea grows
best in regions with temperatures between 18 and 22°C and annual precipitations
of 600 to 800 mm. These climatic characteristics occur in the Andes at average
altitudes (1800 to 2800 m). Observations in family gardens show that the
plants grow better in association with trees (e.g. Erythrina edulis,
Juglans neotropica), where a more humid microclimate has formed, with
less soil dehydration and where the light is diffused. Tree tomato plants
do not tolerate low temperatures (frost). High temperatures also affect
flowering and fruiting, as do prolonged droughts.
C. betacea is
cultivated sporadically from Mexico and the Antilles to Argentina. No wild
populations are known and its domestication is presumed to be recent. Cultivation
extends to subtropical areas such as New Zealand, where it is very advanced,
southern Europe and tropical areas of other continents, India and Southeast
Asia.
Genetic diversity
C. betacea is
known only in the cultivated state. Populations display variability in the
pigmentation of the young foliage and in the colour, shape and thickness
of the fruit's mesocarp. Some of them have groups of silicose cells on the
mesocarp, which lowers the quality of the fruit. According to growers, the
yellowish green leaf colour is related to the production of yellowish fruit
and the purple-green foliage with the production of orangey-red fruit. The
shape of the fruit varies from subspherical to ovoid with a slightly pointed
apex. Research on this aspect is necessary to elucidate the extent of variability
and the phytogenetic relationship with wild species.
Related species.
There are around 50 species of Cyphomandra which are found from
southern Mexico to Argentina. C. bolivariensis and C. hartwegii
are considered to be species related to the tree tomato. C. hartwegii
produces edible fruit, is grown sporadically and has been used as grafting
stock: Another species with edible fruit, C. cajanumensis or casana,
originating from Ecuador, is cultivated in New Zealand.
Cultivation practices
Commercial cultivation
of C. betacea is incipient, in spite of the fact that it is frequently
grown in the gardens of rural and urban houses. In these gardens, very few
plants (two to four) are grown for family consumption and only occasionally
it is sold on local markets.
Cultivation techniques
are based on propagation from seed and there are therefore two stages in
cultivation:
Seed bed.
Seeds from ripe fruit are left to dry outside for ten to 15 days and are
then put into a seed bed. They are left there for 30 days to germinate and
reach 15 to 20 cm in height (with three or four leaves), at which point
they are planted out in their final location.
Sowing.
Since the plants are grown in gardens where there is no regular planting,
no information is available on the depth of sowing, the distance between
plants, tillage practices or crop protection.
Cultivation based on
vegetative propagation is very rare. In Colombia, it is reportedly grown
from cuttings which must be 20 to 30 cm in length and which take root 30
days after planting, at which stage they are thus suitable for planting
out. In Cajamarca in Peru, one case of propagation from cuttings is known
to have been carried out experimentally by a grower.
Prospects for improvement
Cultivation of C.
betacea shows promise and should be the subject of research and experimentation
in commercial crops which allow relevant technologies to be developed.
The limitations of C.
betacea are determined by the traditional state of cultivation rather
than by the plant's characteristics. The present situation is characterized
by:
- a lack
of identification of cultivars;
- an absence
of commercial cultivation techniques and plant management (plant regeneration
and pruning techniques);
- cultivation
limited to family gardens;
- the presence
of mycotic diseases (Oidium sp.) and insect pests which attack
the leaves.
It has been found that
the species is not very stable in the characteristics obtained through selection,
such as colour, size, sweetness of the fruit and yields. However, it should
be recognized that those characteristics have been detected in cultivars
developed outside the natural distribution area (New Zealand) where ecological
factors may have had an influence.
The tree tomato's prospects
are determined by the quality and diversity of use of its fruit. The most
important and potentially exploitable is industrial processing of the fruit
for preserves. This agro-industry would promote cultivation over larger
areas and extend the market, while cultivars would be developed with bigger
yields and better-quality fruit.
Lines of research
Intensive cultivation
of C. betacea for industrial purposes involves carrying out various
research studies aimed at achieving greater production. With this in mind,
the following activities are recommended:
- Experimenting
with vegetative propagation using hormones which accelerate rooting
and activate buds; the results could bring forward the flowering period.
- Looking
for techniques for pruning and activating dormant buds. Removal of apical
dominance at an early age causes branching at lower altitude. After
their second year, the plants have many dormant buds on the lower part
of the branches and on the main stem which, when activated, would form
new branches and increase production.
- Recognizing
the genetic variability of the species within its natural geographical
distribution as well as that of related species in order to select cultivars
and try to obtain hybrids.
- Investigating
floral biology and identifying the possible role of pollinating insects.
Mountain Papaw
(Carica pubescens)
Botanical names: Carica pubescens Linne & Koch, Vasconcellea
pubescens A. DC., C. candamarcensis Hook, C. cundinamarcensis
J. Linden
Family: Caricaceae
Common names. English: mountain papaw; Spanish: chilhuacán,
chiglacón, chamburu (Ecuador), chamburu, huanarpu hembra, papaya
de monte, papaya arequipeña, papaya de altura (Peru, Bolivia); papayuela
(Colombia)
Carica L. is
a genus originating from tropical and subtropical America of which 40 native
species have been described from Mexico to northern Argentina. Of these,
C. papaya L. is the most widely grown species in the tropics worldwide.
In the Andes, at altitudes
where C. papaya cannot be grown, several species of Carica grow
which might represent promising crops, including C. pubescens, which
is grown in family gardens from Colombia to Bolivia. It is probable that
this species was removed from the evergreen Andean forests and put into
gardens to grow as a decorative plant and for its fruit, which in the ripe
state is eaten raw or cooked. Not much is known about the history of this
Andean fruit-tree, but its cultivation may be relatively recent, although
it was grown before the introduction of C. papaya.
It can be assumed that
the introduction of C. papaya into South America could have held
back development of the cultivation of C. pubescens and other related
species. The marginalization of this species can also be attributed to the
indifference of the Andean populations and to the lack of incentives for
undertaking botanical studies, as is currently the case with species of
other families.
Uses and applications
C. pubescens
is used mainly for its fruit, although other parts of the plant have a medicinal
importance. The ripe fruit is used in households to make preserves and drinks.
The boiled or baked green fruit can be eaten as a vegetable; when green
it is also a source material for latex. Because of its papayan content,
it is accepted on the international market for use in the pharmacological
industry and as a meat tenderizer. In the area of greatest cultivation (Colombia,
Chile and northern Ecuador), the fruit is used to treat arterial sclerosis.
In Peru, at 2800 m in
the gardens of Urubamba (Cuzco), much taller, more robust and branching
plants than the Cajamarca biotypes have been observed. These characteristics
mean greater production and larger fruit size, with up to 200 fruits being
counted on one adult plant. The fruit is used to tenderize tough beef. To
do this, the latex is removed and rubbed into the meat, which is then set
aside for four to six hours. According to popular knowledge, latex is used
against skin mycosis and verruca plana. It is also used as an anthelmintic,
in the treatment of enteritis in children during the teething period, and
against diabetes and liver diseases. Through its proteolytic effect, it
acts on the cells of the skin surface and its pathogens.
Botanical description
C. pubescens
is a shrub of 1 to 2 m. Its main stem has little branching and is broad-based
with conspicuous leaf scars. It has the appearance of a small palm. The
leaves are petiolate and the petioles are 17 to 34 cm long; the leaf blade
is dentalobulate, pentagonal, 20 to 26 cm long and 34 to 40 cm wide. The
leaves have a medium lobule with three to five oblong-acuminate side lobelets.
The fruit is small (10 to 15 cm), five-sided and yellow. Most plants are
dioecious.
Phenology. Few phenological studies have been done, particularly
regarding the aspects of the plant's age at flowering and length of production.
Empirical evaluations indicate that plants obtained from seed reach their
flowering age at ten to 12 months and that the biological cycle ends at
five years. Growth is slow and leaf emission is continuous, but the lower
leaves fall off. Very few side branches are produced, except when the main
shoot is cut. When the flowering stage is reached, it is continuous and
simultaneous with leaf emission.
The ripe fruit is eaten
by birds which pierce the mesocarp causing the seeds to fall. These have
a high germination capacity, without having to go through a period of dormancy.
Seeds begin to germinate at 30 days and a 60 percent germination rate has
been noted.
Ecology and phytogeography
This fruit-tree grows
in temperate to warm climates. In general, highland Caricaceae inhabit the
low dry mountain forest area. In the Andes, these areas are situated between
2000 and 3000 m, depending on the latitude, and correspond to the jalca
and quechua agro-ecological zones in Peru. with an annual precipitation
between 500 and 1000 mm. Mean temperatures range between 12 and 1 8°C
(22°C in winter at midday) and the climate is subhumid.
The species is sensitive
to low dawn temperatures and intense midday sun during the winter (May-September).
These temperature extremes affect the foliage and normal ripening of the
fruit. Although further investigation should be carried out, it is recommended
that the plant be cultivated in association with other shrubs. This is deduced
from its good performance in gardens that have deep soil and abundant organic
matter. The plant does not tolerate prolonged drought on account of its
over-profuse leaf fall.
C. pubescens is widely
distributed geographically over the Andes. It covers the western and eastern
slopes and inter-Andean valleys from Colombia to Bolivia. It grows spontaneously
on the Bolivian mountain ridge along with other wild species, and in Colombia
as a roadside species up to the edges of the high bleak plateau.
Genetic diversity
C. pubescens
is a clearly defined and delimited species as regards its morphological
characteristics, although these show variations such as plant height and
branching; the number of lobules and pubescence of the leaves; fruit size
and colour and the quantity of latex. However, the most important differences
are noted in the sexual forms of the plants. In this species, as in C.
papaya, there are three sexual forms: pistillate plants, staminate plants
and andromonoecious plants. Pistillate and staminate specimens do not respond
to seasonal climatic changes while the andromonoecious specimens, which
are sexually ambivalent, form female, male and perfect (hermaphrodite) flowers
in different proportions, depending on the characteristics of the season.
There is no doubt that
the sexual variation described, together with the ability to form hybrids
with other species, offers the possibility of creating new combinations
and increasing variability. The Ecuadorian species C. pentagona and
C. chrysopetala have been changed to interspecific hybrids. It has
been shown that C. pentagona resulted from hybridization between
C. pubescens and C. stipulata and that C. chrysopetala
is the result of hybridization between C. pubescens and C. monoica.
No cultivars are recognized
in the geographical distribution area of C. pubescens, but it may
be assumed that the greatest centre of diversity is in Ecuador and northern
Peru. Nor is there any news of the organization of a gene bank for this
species, which would prevent the loss of cultivars or biotypes created through
crop selection and by ecological factors.
Cultivation practices
Current agricultural
knowledge concerning C. pubescens in the Andes is limited. Its cultivation
is traditional and it is grown in rural home gardens as a decorative plant
and for fruit for household consumption. One to three plants are grown in
each garden and these receive the same agricultural management as other
species on the plot, so there are no specific cultivation techniques to
describe for this species.
The peasants reproduce
this fruit-tree from seed or occasionally from cuttings. The seeds are removed
from the fruit and, after a short period of drying in the open air, they
are left to germinate in baked clay vessels (flower pots) or in containers
which act as germinators.
The seedlings are planted
out when they are 10 to 15 cm high (two to four leaves). Pure cultivations
have not been tried out and so the distance between plants is not known.
However, according to the diameter of the crown, it can be estimated to
be 3 x 3 m.
Yields per unit of area
are not known, but garden plant countings indicate that they can produce
50 to 60 fruits in a growth period which lasts approximately four months.
Prospects for improvement
The marketing of C.
papaya fruit at the markets of the villages and towns of the sierra
limits the consumption of C. pubescens fruit. It could be said that
the main consumers are the rural populations. Occasionally it is offered
at the markets of the sierra. The best prospects for turning this species
into a commercial crop, with cultivation still on a small scale, are to
remove the latex in the green, semi-ripe state and to prepare processed
products such as juices and preserves.
The monoecy and/or dioecy
in the Carica species growing on high land (Andes) have given rise
to some inaccuracies in species delimitation. If we add to this the affinities
which exist between these species and the possibility of creating interspecific
hybrids, there is an evident need to carry out basic taxonomic studies.
Lines of research The
following lines of research are suggested:
- the collection
of genetic material and formation of a gene bank;
- a complete
taxonomic revision of the genus;
- the completion
of ethnobotanical studies;
- studies
of floral biology, fruit and seed formation and the behaviour of the
plant's sexual variability;
- the establishment
of experimental crops to define the phenological behaviour and ways
of managing the crop;
- hybridization
experiments with other species and also the use of micropropagation
techniques.
C. pubescens offers various options whereby the current state of
its cultivation could be improved and extended but, to do this, further
research is required. The crop's inclusion within the framework of commercial
and extensive crops would be another factor of development for the almost
depleted
rural areas of the Andes.
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